Abstract
This paper is mapping the migratory routes to Europe, details their characteristics and briefs the ongoing changes in the political, economic and social sphere. Though many people think that migration towards Europe is a recent phenomenon, it have been lasting – with diverse intensity – for centuries now, even its main tracks remained almost the same. There are routes that are crowded with migrants at one year and – due to European border authorities’ counter-measurements – are empty a few months later. Considering the adaptability of these migratory routes, detecting, tracking and detailing them are a significant challenge, although, in order to manage the recent crisis, analysis and the appropriate use of the information on migratory routes are essential. This motivated me to briefly delineate the main paths used by the illegal migrants on their ways to Europe. This paper however, does not elaborate on the movements within the EU and the ways connecting the member countries.
Highlights
Defending the 11,000 km land and 43,000 km maritime border from the immigrants (Düvel & Vollmer 2011) is an emerging problem for the 28 member countries of the EU, since 1990’s it is needed to handle the problematics of the increasing legal and illegal migration
The colonizing powers used ports for trade more likely, so the significance of the caravan-routes decreased. Later they were used by only smugglers, immigrants and those who wanted to seek a new job in the Northern African states, for example in Libya or Algeria
We have diverse data on the migrants’ expenses, but according to estimates, the route costs approximately 2-3,000 EUR for those who come from the East and West African countries, and 1-1,500 EUR for NorthAfricans to travel from Turkey to Greece and an additional 2,500-3,000 EUR for being smuggled into Italy (Kuschminder, De Bresser & Siegel 2015)
Summary
Defending the 11,000 km land and 43,000 km maritime border from the immigrants (Düvel & Vollmer 2011) is an emerging problem for the 28 member countries of the EU, since 1990’s it is needed to handle the problematics of the increasing legal and illegal migration. Migrants heading to Europe use different, periodically changing routes to reach their destination The use of these paths and their continuous adaptation to the changes in the environment are influenced by many factors such as the territory’s socio-economic status Njaramba et al 2015; Rezk et al 2015; Rezk et al 2016; Šimelytė et al 2016), the activity of the authorities in charge, the work of smuggling groups, the visa and migration policy of the concerned countries, active conflicts or weather conditions These factors can modify a route or migrants may choose a new path to the host countries. In the followings I present these main routes for my readers
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