Abstract
A novel adjoint variable method (AVM) for estimating second-order sensitivities with time-domain TLM is introduced. For a structure with n designable parameters, the complete Hessian matrix is estimated using O(n) extra simulations as compared to O(n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) using traditional finite difference approaches. Our approach is illustrated through estimating the second-order sensitivities with respect to dimensions and material properties of a dielectric discontinuity. A very good match is achieved when compared with the more expensive finite difference approaches.
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