Abstract
Myocardial microstructure has been challenging to probe in vivo. Spin echo-based diffusion-weighted sequences allow for single-shot acquisitions but are highly sensitive to cardiac motion. In this study, the use of second-order motion-compensated diffusion encoding was compared with first-order motion-compensated diffusion-weighted imaging during systolic contraction of the heart. First- and second-order motion-compensated diffusion encoding gradients were incorporated into a triggered single-shot spin echo sequence. The effect of contractile motion on the apparent diffusion coefficients and tensor orientations was investigated in vivo from basal to apical level of the heart. Second-order motion compensation was found to increase the range of systolic trigger delays from 30%-55% to 15%-77% peak systole at the apex and from 25%-50% to 15%-79% peak systole at the base. Diffusion tensor analysis yielded more physiological transmural distributions when using second-order motion-compensated diffusion tensor imaging. Higher-order motion-compensated diffusion encoding decreases the sensitivity to cardiac motion, thereby enabling cardiac DTI over a wider range of time points during systolic contraction of the heart.
Highlights
Stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM) [1] imaging has been used to probe myocardial microstructure invivo
In this work the sensitivity to bulk motion of cardiac SE diffusion tensor imaging is addressed by using second order motion compensated (MC) diffusion encoding
Three orthogonal diffusion encoding directions (b=450s/mm2, 8 averages) were applied at trigger delays ranging from 45ms to peak systole
Summary
Stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM) [1] imaging has been used to probe myocardial microstructure invivo. STEAM imaging requires 2 R-R intervals, sophisticated respiratory navigator gating [2] and is subject to myocardial strain [3,4]. Spin-echo (SE) based single-shot diffusion weighted sequences present an appealing alternative [5,6]. In this work the sensitivity to bulk motion of cardiac SE diffusion tensor imaging is addressed by using second order motion compensated (MC) diffusion encoding
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