Abstract
The Second International Symposium on Problems Related to the Redefinition of North American Vertical Geodetic Networks was held in Ottawa, Canada, from May 26 to May 30,1980. The symposium was sponsored by the Canadian Institute of Surveying and the Surveys and Mapping Branch (Department of Energy, Mines and Resources—Canada) and cosponsored by the International Association of Geodesy, U.S. National Geodetic Survey, Canadian Geophysical Union, American Geophysical Union, and Pan-American Institute of Geography and History. The symposium was attended by 154 scientists from 21 countries. T. J. Kukkamaki, keynote speaker, opened the meeting with his address on ‘Errors Affecting Leveling.’ He presented and discussed a list of such errors and dealt at some length with the related analyses and techniques used to minimize the effect of systematic errors. Kukkamaki's address set the tone of the symposium in which two entire sessions were devoted to leveling errors.
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