Seasonal variations in atrazine degradation in a typical semienclosed bay of the northwest Pacific ocean

Abstract

Pesticides are widely used to alleviate pest pressure in agricultural systems, and atrazine is a typical diffuse pollutant and serves a sensitivity index for environmental characteristics. Based on the physicochemical properties of parent substances, degradation products of pesticides may pose a greater threat to aquatic ecosystems than pesticides. Atrazine and three primary degradation products (deethylatrazine (DEA), deisopropylatrazine (DIA) and didealkylatrazine (DDA)) were investigated in a semienclosed bay of the western Pacific Ocean. Seasonal surface water and suspended particulate sediment (SPS) samples were collected from the estuary and bay in January, April, and August 2019. The level of pesticide contamination was lower in the bay than in the estuary, and the pesticide concentration in the dissolved phase was higher than that in the adsorbed phase. The average concentrations of atrazine and the three degradation products in the three seasons ranged from 2.42 to 328.46 ng/L in water and from 0.07 to 12.75 ng/L in SPS. The proportion of atrazine among the four detected pollutants decreased from 0.7 to 0.1 in surface water and from 0.3 to 0.1 in SPS over the seasons. As the main degradation products, the concentration proportions of DDA and DEA reached as high as 0.6 in August. The ratio of DEA to atrazine (DEA/ATR) increased from January to August, which indicated the progressive degradation process in the bay. Single-factor analysis of variance and principal component analysis indicated that atrazine degradation was sensitive to temperature, dissolved oxygen, and salinity. These three factors accounted for almost 70% of the seasonal variance in atrazine without a quantification assessment of photolysis or bacteria. The spatial distributions of DEA in the three seasons demonstrated that wind and currents also played important roles in pollutant redistribution. The seasonal temporal and spatial correlations between water and SPS demonstrated the degradation patterns of atrazine in marine conditions, supporting the need for future detailed toxicity studies.