Abstract
Seasonal changes in photoperiod are crucial cues for seasonal reproduction in birds inhabiting non-tropical regions. Birds possess photoreceptors in their eyes, pineal organs, and deep brain regions. It is known that birds detect light information of photoperiod, via deep brain photoreceptors. Several studies have revealed that photoinduced thyroid-stimulating hormone, originating from the pars tuberalis of the pituitary gland, prompt the local activation of thyroid hormone in the hypothalamus, which in turn leads to morphological changes in neurons and the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. In this article, we describe the mechanism for photoperiodism, using the seasonal reproduction of birds as an example.
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