Abstract
Histopathology has been used as a very useful tool to provide information on the severity of tissue damage, injuries, and organ functionality. Thus, this work aimed to assess whether seasonal variations (summer and winter) in water quality had consequences on the liver histology of Iberian barbel (Luciobarbus bocagei) and Douro nase (Pseudochondrostoma duriense). The research was carried out in the Vilariça River, a tributary of the Sabor River in Portugal, which is used as spawning grounds by these endemic cyprinids. The liver histopathological changes, assessed through a semi-quantitative system, allowed the identification of 13 histopathological changes located in the hepatic parenchyma, bile duct, and blood vessels. The histopathological changes with a higher prevalence in both species were vacuolization of hepatocytes, endothelial rupture, necrosis, fibrosis, and degenerative vacuolization. The results showed that the severity degree of liver histological alterations ranged between moderate and severe, and the major severity degree was observed in L. bocagei, in the summer season, and at the sampling points located in the downstream and middle stream. The canonical analysis indicated that the exposure of fish to metals may increase the potential risk of liver damage. Thus, in the summer, the high concentrations of Fe, Cu, Zn, As, and Mn justified the prevalence of the biliary duct epithelial detachment, in both species, and the hyperplasia of biliary epithelium, in L. bocagei. In the winter, the high TSS and Cd, Ni, and Cr concentrations justified the prevalence of congestion of blood vessels and degenerative vacuolization in both species. The higher hepatosomatic index of fish caught in the winter was due to the high presence of degenerative vacuolization and hepatocyte vacuolization. The severity of liver histopathological changes reflected differences in the type of contaminants in different seasons and sampling periods, and was thus proven as a valuable indicator of water quality.
Highlights
The main objectives of this study were (1) to assess whether metal concentrations recorded in water may cause histopathological changes in the liver of L. bocagei and P. duriense and their respective severity degrees; (2) to relate the seasonal differences in the liver histopathological changes of both species with to metal concentrations in river water; and (3) to assess the seasonal differences in hepatosomatic index of both species L. bocagei and P. duriense, and relate them with the histopathological changes observed in the liver
Several histopathological alterations were observed in both species, namely congestion of blood vessels (CBV), melanomacrophage centers (MMC), necrosis (N), vacuolization of hepatocytes (VH), degenerative vacuolization (DV), fibrosis (F), exudate (E) and infiltration (I), necrosis (NBE) and hyperplasia of the biliary epithelium (HBE), and biliary duct epithelial detachment (BDED), endothelial rupture (ER) and periportal edema (PE) (Figures 3 and 4)
The hyperplasia of the biliary epithelium was defined by an increased number of epithelial cell layers, whereas the biliary duct epithelial detachment was characterized by the separation of the bile epithelia from the surrounding connective tissue [40]
Summary
Pollution in aquatic environments has been reported to cause health problems in fish, such as reduced growth and fitness, low reproductive success [1], increased susceptibility to diseases and survival [2,3], and the occurrence of histopathological alterations [4].These health problems have been attributed to the presence of a wide range of pollutants such as heavy metals [1,2], polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) [3,4], pesticides 4.0/).(herbicides) [5], and endocrine-disrupting chemicals [6,7,8] in the aquatic environment. Pollution in aquatic environments has been reported to cause health problems in fish, such as reduced growth and fitness, low reproductive success [1], increased susceptibility to diseases and survival [2,3], and the occurrence of histopathological alterations [4]. These health problems have been attributed to the presence of a wide range of pollutants such as heavy metals [1,2], polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) [3,4], pesticides 4.0/). The liver has an important function in biotransformation, detoxification, and elimination of xenobiotics [16,17,18]
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