Abstract
Measurements in the Arctic troposphere over several years show that MSA concentrations in the atmospheric boundary layer, 0.08-6.1 parts per trillion (ppt, molar mixing ration), are lower that those over mid-latitude oceans. The seasonal cycle of MSA at Alert, Canada (82.5°N, 62.3°W), has two peaks of 6 ppt in March–April and July–August and minima of 0.3 ppt for the rest of the year. At Dye 3 (65°N, 44°W) on the Greenland Ice Sheet, a similar seasonal MSA cycle is observed although the concentrations are much lower with a maximum of 1 ppt. Around Barrow, Alaska (71.3°N, 156.8°W), MSA is between 1.0 and 25 ppt in July, higher than 1.5 ± 1.0 ppt in March–April. The mid-tropospheric MSA level of 0.6-1 ppt in the summer Arctic is much lower than about 6 ppt in the boundary layer. At Alert, the ratio of MSA to non-sea-salt (nss) SO 4 2− ranges from 0.02 to 1.13 and is about 10 times higher in summer than in spring. The summer ratios are higher than found over mid-latitude regions and, when combined with reported sulfur isotope compositions from the Arctic, suggest that on average a significant fraction (about 16–23%) of Arctic summer boundary layer sulfur is marine biogenic. The measurements show that the summer Arctic boundary layer has a significantly higher MSA/nss-SO 4 2− ratio than aloft.
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