Abstract
A year-long field study of mercury (Hg) air/water exchange was conducted at a southern reservoir lake, Cane Creek Lake (Cookeville, TN, USA). The Hg air/water exchange fluxes and meteorological data including solar radiation (global solar radiation, Rg and ultraviolent radiation, UVA), water and air temperatures, relative humidity, and wind speed were collected to study the daily and seasonal trends of the Hg air/water exchange at the lake in relation to solar radiation and wind speed. The Hg exchange fluxes generally exhibited diurnal patterns with a rise in the morning, a peak around noontime, and a fall in the afternoon through the evening, closely following the change of solar radiation. There were cases that deviated from this general daily trend. The Hg emission fluxes were all below 3 ng m−2 h−1 with the daily mean fluxes < 2 ng m−2 h−1. The fluxes in the summer (mean: 1.2 ng m−2 h−1) were higher than in the fall (mean: 0.6 ng m−2 h−1) and winter (mean: 0.7 ng m−2 h−1). The daily and seasonal trends of the Hg air/water exchange fluxes are similar to the trends of the changes of the dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM) concentrations in the lake observed in our previous study. Solar radiation was found to exert a primary control over the Hg air/water exchange, while wind speed appeared to have a secondary effect on the Hg exchange. The two-thin-film model was used to calculate Hg emission fluxes from the Cane Creek Lake water.
Highlights
Air/water exchange of mercury (Hg) strongly impacts its global biogeochemical cycle [1,2,3].A growing body of research indicates that aquatic gaseous Hg emits into the atmosphere constantly, especially during daytime (Table 1)
These findings suggest that the Hg air/water exchange would show daily and seasonal variations following the temporal changes of solar radiation
These results show that the Hg air/water exchange fluxes increase with the increase of solar radiation
Summary
Air/water exchange of mercury (Hg) strongly impacts its global biogeochemical cycle [1,2,3]. We previously conducted a year-long field study at a southern reservoir lake (Cane Creek Lake, Cookeville, TN) and observed diurnal and seasonal variations of the DGM levels in the lake closely following the change of solar radiation [19,22,28]. These findings suggest that the Hg air/water exchange would show daily and seasonal variations following the temporal changes of solar radiation. This is the first field study on the Hg air/water exchange using the dynamic flux chamber method in southern freshwater systems covering year-long seasonal variations. This is followed by a calculation of the fluxes using the two-thin-film model as an effort towards a full use of the field data and as an enhancement of the discussion of the flux results
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