Abstract
The possibilities and capacities of energy production from renewable sources in urban areaswere studied on the example of the city of Kharkiv, Ukraine (population ca. 1.4 mln, occupied 2 area ca. 320 km ). The following alternate renewable sources and ways for energy production(except solar and wind) have been identified: (1) biogas to be produced at municipal landfills;(2) biogas to be produced from sewage sludge accumulated at wastewater treatment plants;(3) wood wastes from urban dwellings' reconstruction and furniture renewal; (4) litter fromtree stands of the city (woody and leaf litter, debris, dead wood, etc.); (5) biomass harvestedwhile the phytotechnologies are applied for brown field remediation (energy crops, willowsand poplars, etc.). The energy potential of primary and secondary renewable energy sourceshas been estimated. Approach to decision-making on optimal allocation of sites fordecentralised energy production on the city's territory and relevant technologies for energyproduction are discussed.
Highlights
Increasing demand for energy is a modern civilization's "trademark"
Energy consumption and supply have increased by 23% since 2000 without significant improvement of energy efficiency. 2.2 Case study areas In 2006-2007 we assessed the capacities of the urban area occupied by the city of Kharkiv in terms of primary and secondary renewable energy sources and their available stocks
For estimation of amount of biogas that may be obtained from city's landfills and data on solid wastes accumulation on the urban area, technical reports of the Research and Design Institutes of Municipal Engineering ("KharkivKomunNDIProject") and Advanced Technologies for Municipal Economy ("UkrKomunNDIProgres"), as well as annual reports (2001e-2005) of the Kharkiv City Council were used, Amount of biogas, which may be extracted from the landfill, was estimated as the following [7]: VBG =M SW, COM, (I- z), cun.d,gc.'1
Summary
Increasing demand for energy is a modern civilization's "trademark". In global and regional energy consumption cities take major part while global urban population is steadily growing. As for almost every big city waste utilisation and minimisation of landfill areas is an actual problem such direction as biogas production will get further attention and one can expect new developments towards improved efficiency of this process. Another secondary renewable source of energy in urban areas is biogas obtained as a result of anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge. An alternative way of biomass treatment is thermal decomposition and subsequent conversion of synthesised gas to liquid hydrocarbons This technology of special bio-fuels production for future drive concepts using Fischer-Tropsch synthesis was developed at the already mentioned CUTEC-Institute GmbH. This study by no means provides for ready-to-use solutions and rather aims at raising awareness of municipal professionals, decision-makers and prospective investors to the problem outlined
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