Screening of mango (Mangifera indica) germplasm for identification of sources resistant to mango malformation - Retracted

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is known as “king of fruits” in India. More than 1000 mango varieties are currently cultivated in Indian Sub-continent. However most of the orchards of mango are infected with mango malformation disease (MMD), which every year leads to huge losses in yield of mango in range of 40 to 80 % in India. Till date there is no effective control measure against MMD. Floral Malformation, in contrast to vegetative one, is very virulent and can cause the loss of the entire crop. In the present study, six mango cultivars commonly grown in Gujarat, and all infected with various degrees of MMD were taken for studying their molecular relatedness, pathogen load and defense responsiveness via gene expression to rate whether hybrids or landrace among mango cultivars are better equipped to fight MMD. Genetic diversity analysis was performed using 30 SSR markers in order to bring out clustering pattern among the six cultivars belonging to orchards of Balisana and Prantij, Gujarat. The diversity analysis gave clues to the existence of wide genetic base among the six cultivars. Fungal load studies using Real Time PCR lead to the ranking of cultivars based on maximum and minimum infection load of pathogen. Absolute quantitation studies found that cultivars like Totapuri, Neelam and Amrapali were more resistant to MMD than highly popular cultivars like Kesar. The six mango cultivars were further quantified for pathogen responsiveness with 21 defense responsive genes using Real Time PCR. Among the 21 genes selected for the study, 11 genes were directly part of defense responsive pathways like Phenyl propanoid pathway and jasmonic acid pathway. Gene expression studies aided in ranking mango hybrid like Amrapali having better systemic acquired resistance response as 11 defense responsive genes were found upregulated in this cultivar followed by landrace Neelam which is in fact a parental line of Amrapali. If MMD remains unchecked it may lead to evolution of more virulent strains of Fusarium; propelling devastating consequences in mango cultivation. Hence mango hybrids developed via molecular and expressional screening will fasten process of establishment of resistant mango cultivars.

Pathogenesis-related (PR)-proteins: Chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase in defense mechanism against malformation in mango ( Mangifera indica L.)

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is a biologically and economically important fruit crop in Vietnam. However, the authentication of various cultivars and accessions of Mangifera indica L. has still been limited. In this study, 10 Inter simple sequence repeats (ISSRs) molecular markers and four DNA barcodes (ITS, ycf1b, trnH-psbA, and atpF-atpH) were used to distinguish 30 accessions of three mango cultivars (Chau Nghe, Hoa Loc, and Cat Chu). DNA was extracted using the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide protocol, and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), ycf1b, trnH-psbA, and atpF-atpH regions were amplified and sequenced for alignment analysis. Based on ISSR data, 76 bands were generated, with the percentage of polymorphism equal to 61.84%. The phylogenetic tree constructed from ISSR data showed significant genetic variation between Chau Nghe and the other mango cultivars. In terms of barcoding assessment, nuclear region ITS and plastid gene ycf1b only discriminated between mango cultivars while two remaining plastid locus could be used for authentication of the difference of mango accessions. The barcoding results also confirmed close genetic relatedness between Mekong Delta mango cultivars and other species of the Mangifera genus from the National Center for Biotechnology Information database. These findings provide new insights into mango cultivar identification, classification, breeding, and conservation.

The relationship between the plasticity of different mango (Mangifera indica L.) varieties to soil water stress conditions needs a better understanding as a potential crop adaptation to changing climate. This study was investigated the effects of different water regimes on growth and development of different mango varieties. Measurements of mango plants' morphological and physiological variables during the progressive imposition of soil water stress were performed within a controlled environment. Eight mango varieties were grown under water stress treatments of 90%, 65% and 35% of field capacity (FC) on split plots in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Data on shoot height and diameter, leaf chlorophyll content, temperature and water potential were collected fortnightly, for nine months and means computed to reflect varietal response under increasing water stress (90% FC to 35% FC level). Results showed significant (p=0.001) reduction in shoot height by 32.1% and shoot diameter by 29.05%. A significant (p=0.05) reduction in leaf chlorophyll content and leafwater potential by 13.5% and 90% respectively was observed, while leaf temperature significantly (p=0.05) increased by 20.8%. From the results; Keitt, Sabine, Tommy Atkins and VanDyke showed better performance in shoot growth and leaf parameters under high water stress. For all varieties, high water stress significantly suppressed shoot growth, leaf chlorophyll content production and increased leaf temperature and leaf water potential. None of the varieties showed optimal phenotypic plasticity on both leaf growth and physiological parameters under highest soil water stress. We emphasize the considerable need of investigating, over a period of at least five years, the effect of water stress on mango yield in the farms located in mango-growing areas.

Pollen–pistil interaction studies in mango (Mangifera indica L.) cultivars

Many polyphenolics contained in mango have shown anticancer activity. The objective of this study was to compare the anticancer properties of polyphenolic extracts from several mango varieties (Francis, Kent, Ataulfo, Tommy Atkins, and Haden) in cancer cell lines, including Molt-4 leukemia, A-549 lung, MDA-MB-231 breast, LnCap prostate, and SW-480 colon cancer cells and the noncancer colon cell line CCD-18Co. Cell lines were incubated with Ataulfo and Haden extracts, selected on the basis of their superior antioxidant capacity compared to the other varieties, where SW-480 and MOLT-4 were statistically equally most sensitive to both cultivars followed by MDA-MB-231, A-549, and LnCap in order of decreasing efficacy as determined by cell counting. The efficacy of extracts from all mango varieties in the inhibition of cell growth was tested in SW-480 colon carcinoma cells, where Ataulfo and Haden demonstrated superior efficacy, followed by Kent, Francis, and Tommy Atkins. At 5 mg of GAE/L, Ataulfo inhibited the growth of colon SW-480 cancer cells by approximately 72% while the growth of noncancer colonic myofibroblast CCD-18Co cells was not inhibited. The growth inhibition exerted by Ataulfo and Haden polyphenolics in SW-480 was associated with an increased mRNA expression of pro-apoptotic biomarkers and cell cycle regulators, cell cycle arrest, and a decrease in the generation of reactive oxygen species. Overall, polyphenolics from several mango varieties exerted anticancer effects, where compounds from Haden and Ataulfo mango varieties possessed superior chemopreventive activity.

The mango image dataset presented in this article contains clear and detailed images of the fifteen most common and popular mango (Mangifera indica) varieties in Bangladesh: Amrapali, Ashshina Classic, Ashshina Zhinuk, Banana Mango, Bari-4, Bari-11, Fazli Classic, Fazli Shurmai, Gourmoti, Harivanga, Himsagor, Katimon, Langra, Rupali, and Shada. The mango specimens were sourced from various fruit markets across six districts of Bangladesh, namely Rajshahi, Chapai Nawabganj, Satkhira, Panchagarh, Rangpur, and Dhaka, which are famous for popular mango cultivation and availability to ensure a wide geographic representation. To maintain the quality and uniformity of images across the dataset, the images were captured using a high-definition smartphone camera under a standardized and controlled environment.Overall, the full dataset contains a total of 28,515 images, where 5703 images are original (raw) and 5703 images are processed with a blend of both real and virtual backgrounds. The processed images were further augmented resulting in a total of 17,109 augmented images. This is done to enhance their utility for training machine learning and deep learning models, particularly for performing computer vision tasks such as object detection, classification, and segmentation. This augmentation includes transformations such as flipping, rotation, shearing, blurring, variation of brightness and exposure, and introduction of noise to simulate diverse real-world scenarios and improve model robustness.This dataset holds strong reuse potential across computer vision, agriculture, food processing, and biodiversity research. It supports automated mango variety identification, sorting, grading, and quality assessment in precision agriculture. It can also aid in breeding climate-resilient, high-yield mango varieties, enhancing food security and sustainable farming. Additionally, it facilitates studies on phenotypic diversity, genetic correlations, and regional trait comparisons. The dataset can help ensure traceability, authenticity, and quality assurance, improving supply chains and export potential. From a biodiversity standpoint, it contributes to documenting and conserving unique mango varieties.

To explore the quality rootstocks which impart better quality fruits in mango varieties, we studied the interactive effect of the scion and rootstock using five mango varieties (Mallika, Amrapali, Dashehari, Pusa Arunima, and Pusa Surya) grafted on three rootstocks (Olour, Kurukkan, and K-5). A total of 25 physico-chemical parameters were studied in the five grafted varieties viz., fruit weight, yield efficiency, fruit per plant, pulp percent, total soluble solids (TSS), acidity, physiological loss in weight (PLW), peel thickness, respiration rate, etc., and were found to be altered through scion–rootstock interaction. Among the five mango varieties, Olour rootstock proved best to improve the fruit quality and shelf life using the grafting approach. Physico-chemical-traits-based clustering was unable to precisely group scion varieties according to their grafting rootstock. A total of 35 shelf-life specific markers were designed from ripening genes, such as expansin, polygalactouranase, ethylene insensitive, ethylene sensitive, etc. Of these specific primers, 24 showed polymorphism among the studied genotypes. The gene diversity (GD), allele per locus (An), polymorphism information content (PIC), and major allele frequency (MAF) observed were 0.43, 2.00, 0.34, and 0.63, respectively. Cluster analysis clearly showed that scion grafted on Kurukkan and Olour rootstock, and scion varieties grafted on K-5 rootstock grouped together have more similarity. A total of eight simple sequence repeats loci (SSRs) markers were associated with eight physiological traits. Strong association of SSR loci NMSLC-12 and NMSLC-14 with yield efficiency and fruit weight were observed with a phenotypic variance of 85% and 70%, respectively.

Fruits and vegetables are important sources of nutrients for mankind. Among the various fruits available in Bangladesh, mango occupies a vital place in the human nutrition for its delicious taste and higher nutritious value. In this study, five mango varieties, viz. Fazli, Amrupali, Langra, Gopalbogh and Misribogh, were tested to evaluate the quality of these mango varieties available in Northern Bangladesh. Physiochemical characteristics, including moisture, ash, total carbohydrates, total solids, total soluble solids (TSS), pH, acidity, total sugars and ascorbic acid contents were evaluated. The results showed that there were significant (p< 0.05) differences among mangoes of all varieties for physicochemical parameters. In case of proximate composition, the mango variety Amrupali showed the highest ash content (2.34±0.15) and fat content (1.18±0.13). Protein content (0.94±0.12) and total fiber (2.67%) content was shown to be the highest by Gopalbogh and Misribogh, respectively. The selected mango varieties contained TSS of 12.87~20.55oBrix, pH of 4.45~4.67, titrable acidity of 0.07~0.42%, reducing sugar of 8.40~15.43%, non-reducing sugar of 9.24~10.48%, and total sugarof 18.88~25.12%. The study findings would be helpful for the consumers, dietitian and industry policymakers.

The effects of potassium nitrate and paclobutrazol on flowering and vegetative growth of ‘Tommy Atkins’ and ‘Keitt’ mango (Mangifera indica) were studied for various periods in inductive and non‐inductive temperature regimes. The experiment was done at the University of Pretoria experimental farm in a temperature‐regulated cabinet on 2‐year‐old potted ‘Tommy Atkins’ and ‘Keitt’ mango cultivars. ‘Keitt’ was more sensitive towards low temperature floral induction than ‘Tommy Atkins’. For both cultivars, the trend for the interaction of duration and cultivar revealed the possible floral induction complementation effect of PBZ after the trees stayed only 15 days at the inductive temperature (10/15°C). Paclobutrazol also significantly reduced vegetative growth and number of days required for visible inflorescence emergence in both cultivars. Potassium nitrate promoted the initiation of buds for vegetative growth in non‐inductive temperature conditions and reproductive growth in inductive conditions. The minimum inductive period at 10/15°C (12 h light/12 h dark) required for “complete” floral induction and development was found to be 35 days for both cultivars. Surpassing the inductive (cold) period showed adverse effects on normal development of the reproductive parts and also delayed inflorescence emergence.

In Mexico there are more than 201 400 ha grown with different mango (Mangifera indica L.) cultivars. This may cause variations in mineral requirement, fruit mineral concentrations and nutrient removal. The objective of this research was to make a survey of mineral concentration in fruit tissues and calculate nutrient removal by fruit tissues during harvest of the most important mango cultivars (Ataulfo, Kent and Tommy Atkins) from several production regions (Campeche, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Nayarit, and Sinaloa) of Mexico. Fruit at physiological maturity were harvested from commercial mango orchards and concentration of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn) and boron (B) was determined for skin, mesocarp, endocarp, and seed tissues. Each tissue was cut into thin slices and they were dehydrated in a forced air oven at 70 °C, after that, were pulverized and they were analyzed: nitrogen by semi-microKjeldahl digestion, phosphorus with the ascorbic acid method and the other nutrients with atomic absorption. The removal of nutrients was calculated considering the weight of the fruit and the content of nutrients in each tissue. Signif icant differences in the concentration of N, K, Mg, and Zn were found among cultivars and tissues. Concentration of P, S, Cu, and Mn in the skin, Ca, Cu, and Mn in the mesocarp, Ca, S, Mn, and B in endocarp, and S, Fe, and Mn in the seed were not affected by mango cultivar. Production region affected concentration of minerals in ‘Ataulfo’ fruit more than in ‘Tommy Atkins’ and ‘Kent’. Nutrient removal by mango fruit tissues was little affected in cvs. Ataulfo, Tommy Atkins and Kent. The regions with the greatest nutrient removal were Oaxaca, Campeche and Sinaloa for ‘Ataulfo’, ‘Tommy Atkins’ and ‘Kent’, respectively.

In Mexico there are more than 201 400 ha grown with different mango (Mangifera indica L.) cultivars. This may cause variations in mineral requirement, fruit mineral concentrations and nutrient removal. The objective of this research was to make a survey of mineral concentration in fruit tissues and calculate nutrient removal by fruit tissues during harvest of the most important mango cultivars (Ataulfo, Kent and Tommy Atkins) from several production regions (Campeche, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Nayarit, and Sinaloa) of Mexico. Fruit at physiological maturity were harvested from commercial mango orchards and concentration of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn) and boron (B) was determined for skin, mesocarp, endocarp, and seed tissues. Each tissue was cut into thin slices and they were dehydrated in a forced air oven at 70 °C, after that, were pulverized and they were analyzed: nitrogen by semi-microKjeldahl digestion, phosphorus with the ascorbic acid method and the other nutrients with atomic absorption. The removal of nutrients was calculated considering the weight of the fruit and the content of nutrients in each tissue. Signif icant differences in the concentration of N, K, Mg, and Zn were found among cultivars and tissues. Concentration of P, S, Cu, and Mn in the skin, Ca, Cu, and Mn in the mesocarp, Ca, S, Mn, and B in endocarp, and S, Fe, and Mn in the seed were not affected by mango cultivar. Production region affected concentration of minerals in ‘Ataulfo’ fruit more than in ‘Tommy Atkins’ and ‘Kent’. Nutrient removal by mango fruit tissues was little affected in cvs. Ataulfo, Tommy Atkins and Kent. The regions with the greatest nutrient removal were Oaxaca, Campeche and Sinaloa for ‘Ataulfo’, ‘Tommy Atkins’ and ‘Kent’, respectively.

The aroma-active compounds present in tree-ripened fruits of the five mango (Mangifera indica L.) cultivars Haden, White Alfonso, Praya Sowoy, Royal Special, and Malindi were isolated by solvent extraction followed by solvent-assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE) and analyzed by gas chromatography-olfactometery (GC-O). Application of a comparative aroma extract dilution analysis (cAEDA) afforded 54 aroma-active compounds in the flavor dilution (FD) factor range from 4 to ≥2048, 16 of which are reported for the first time in mango. The results of the identification experiments in combination with the FD factors revealed 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone as an important aroma compound in all cultivars analyzed. Twenty-seven aroma-active compounds were present in at least one mango cultivar at an FD factor ≥128. Clear differences in the FD factors of these odorants between each of the mango cultivars suggested that they contributed to the unique sensory profiles of the individual cultivars.

Mango ( Mangifera indica L.) is an economically important tropical fruit consumed all over the world. So far, little attention has been paid towards the documentation and characterization of its cultivars. Occupying a unique position among edible fruit crops in Nigeria, information on the exact number of cultivars has not been recorded, leading to a lack of accurately named germplasms and cultivars. To gain phenomenal insight on cultivars' diversity, a morphological technique employing both cluster and principal component analysis were adopted. Morphological characters of seven cultivars collected from National Horticultural Research Institute (NIHORT), Ibadan Nigeria, which includes: leaf length and width, leaf apex, petiole length, fruit length and width, fruit colour and shape were assessed. The results of principal component analysis based on similarity matrix revealed a correlation between leaf length and petiole length, fruit length, width and shape whereas fruit colour exhibited no correlation with any of the other parameters. Cluster and dendrogram analysis based on farthest neighbour, mean character difference and constrained clustering strategy, revealed that mango cultivars are distinctively divided into two groups based on their fruit features: Cluster A comprises Julie, Edward, Palmer, and Kent whereas cluster B comprises Saigon, Madoe and Lipen. This study provides a solid baseline for the further characterization of the different mango cultivars in Nigeria, and will be useful for germplasm management and crop breeding. Keywords: Mango varieties, Morphometrics, Numerical Taxonomy, Principal Component Analysis

The mango (Mangifera indica L.) varieties in India are some of the most diverse in the world. Fruit makes a substantial contribution to the world's economy and food supply. There has been a rapid shift in the natural habitat of the local mango in recent years owing to changes in the species' economic, biotic, and other conditions. Indigenous mango varieties need to be documented and characterised to use the genetic resource better and plan future breeding programmes. It is clear from the descriptions that there are several distinct types available. The mango pulp has varying degrees of juiciness, ranging from mild to high. Because of their limited availability in the local market, four unique, rare indigenous mango types were chosen for this research. The pulp of their fruits differed somewhat from one another. Mango variety must be saved and kept in field gene banks in order to make the most of genetic heterogeneity on the farm and maximize yields. As a result of the fact that this is just preliminary research, future investigations should concentrate on analysing the genetic variation of the mango fruit in its pulp.