Screening Cowpea Genotypes for High Biological Nitrogen Fixation and Grain Yield under Drought Conditions

Abstract

Core Ideas Cowpea nodule biomass was more sensitive to water stress compared to shoot biomass. Rainfed conditions resulted in 57% decrease in N2 fixation compared to well‐watered. Inter‐seasonal variability in rainfall accounted for 58% difference in cowpea grain yield. Future increase in drought and heat stress will challenge legume productivity in many regions. In Sub‐Saharan Africa, legumes are earmarked as an integral component in building resilience to climate change and food security in smallholder farming systems. Hence, the need for continuous screening of drought tolerant legume genotypes for sustained productivity. A 2‐yr field study was conducted to identify superior cowpea genotypes with high biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), grain yield, and drought tolerance. Four genotypes, selected from a pool of 91, were grown under four moisture levels ranging from well‐watered (WW) to severe water stress (SS). Grain yield, shoot biomass, nodule mass, and BNF were determined. There was significant effect of water stress on the measured parameters. Nodule mass and BNF were more sensitive to water stress compared to shoot biomass across genotypes. Water stress resulted in 80% reduction in nodule biomass between WW and SS. As a result, cowpea genotypes grown under SS conditions fixed 57% less N2 compared to those under WW. The study also revealed significant genotypic variation in shoot biomass, grain yield, and BNF. Genotype TVu4607 was low in grain yield but performed better for BNF (71 kg N ha−1 under WW and 30 kg N ha−1 under SS). Genotype IT00K‐1263, proved to be our superior genotype with a good balance of biomass, BNF and grain yield. Our findings suggest that future water stress may significantly affect cowpea productivity, mostly its capacity to fix nitrogen. Consequently, adaptation strategies to improve drought resistance in cowpea are needed, particularly improvement of BNF under water stress.