Scottish west coast fjords since the last glaciation: a review

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Abstract Evidence from seismic profiles, sidescan and multibeam sonar surveys and sediment cores reveal important information about the depositional history of Scotland's fjords during the last deglacial transition and the subsequent Holocene. Devensian glaciation removed pre-existing sediments both inside and outside the fjord basins, and deposited a diamict over much of the subsequent erosional surface. Glaciomarine sequences deposited during the initial retreat of this ice margin are mainly preserved in the sea area outside the fjords. Younger glaciomarine units present within the fjord basins are often attributed to the later Younger Dryas re-advance (12.8–11.5 ka BP). Younger Dryas ice reworked Devensian sediments, depositing terminal moraines at the mouths of a number of fjords and glaciomarine units within the basins during its retreat. Ice margins oscillated throughout deglaciation, although the latter stages of post-Younger Dryas retreat may have occurred rapidly with topographic pinning an important factor in determining the style of retreat. Holocene records from the fjords are limited, but tentatively support the onshore evidence for a tundra-style landscape in the earliest Holocene, followed by a warming of the climate and, latterly ( c . 2000 ka BP), increasing humidity. In the more recent past, human activities such as deforestation, fishing, aquaculture and industry have been recorded in the fjord sediments.