Scientific research across and beyond disciplines: Challenges and opportunities of interdisciplinarity.

Abstract

EMBO Reports (2019) e47682 Contemporary research is increasingly characterized by two contrasting trends [1]. One is a process of increasing and continuous specialization, which requires scientists to attain a congruent degree of expertise in a particular area of research. This trend is reflected in the proliferation of new scientific disciplines, and their further division into subfields. The other trend, which developed over the past decades, is increasing cooperation not only at an intradisciplinary level, but also across and beyond disciplines: that is, multi‐, inter‐ and trans‐disciplinary research. The aim is to bring together scientists with different expertise and resources, with the possibility of cross‐fertilizing each other and to develop new, synthetic views. ### The rationale for involving multiple disciplines The need for involving several different disciplines arose as scientists realized that particular problems are too complex to be effectively addressed by a single field of study. An obvious example is climate change along with environmental challenges, sustainable development and the societal implications. It requires the competencies and tools from multiple disciplines—natural sciences, engineering and social sciences—to study the causes and effects and develop solutions. It is also recognized that many systems or phenomena can and should be investigated at different levels and from different points of view, given their multidimensional nature. Take for example human beings, which can be referred to as physical, chemical, biological, cognitive, and sociocultural objects [2]. Each level of organization raises specific issues that should be studied through appropriate strategies and methods, along with the interactions between different levels. Generally, instead of being disciplinary oriented, another way of conceiving scientific investigation is phenomenon‐ or object of study‐oriented. Multidisciplinarity and interdisciplinarity have also become important for research policy, as exemplified by European Research Council's initiatives, and numerous areas of study, including science education and research management. Various research institutions around the world, such …