Abstract

The various civilizations of mankind known to us are characterized both by remarkable similarities, stemming from the common problems of humanity in all environments, and by quite remarkable differences, related to differences in culture and environment. The differences may be of secondary importance, or they may be so important that they determine the fate of a given civilization in a major way. Except for a brief period of expansionism at the time of the Han Dynasty, coincident with the Roman era, Chinese civilization has been characterized by an introspective or isolationist character.

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