Abstract
The high penetration rate of renewable energy sources (RESs) in smart energy systems has both threat and opportunity consequences. On the positive side, it is inevitable that RESs are beneficial with respect to conventional energy resources from the environmental aspects. On the negative side, the RESs are a great source of uncertainty, which will make challenges for the system operators to cope with. To tackle the issues of the negative side, there are several methods to deal with intermittent RESs, such as electrical and thermal energy storage systems (TESSs). In fact, pairing RESs to electrical energy storage systems (ESSs) has favorable economic opportunities for the facility owners and power grid operators (PGO), simultaneously. Moreover, the application of demand-side management approaches, such as demand response programs (DRPs) on flexible loads, specifically thermal loads, is an effective solution through the system operation. To this end, in this work, an air conditioning system (A/C system) with a TESS has been studied as a way of volatility compensation of the wind farm forecast-errors (WFFEs). Additionally, the WFFEs are investigated from multiple visions to assist the dispatch of the storage facilities. The operation design is presented for the A/C systems in both day-ahead and real-time operations based on the specifications of WFFEs. Analyzing the output results, the main aims of the work, in terms of applying DRPs and make-up of WFFEs to the scheduling of A/C system and TESS, will be evaluated. The dispatched cooling and base loads show the superiority of the proposed method, which has a smoother curve compared to the original curve. Further, the WFFEs application has proved and demonstrated a way better function than the other uncertainty management techniques by committing and compensating the forecast errors of cooling loads.
Highlights
In the modern power system, there is a fast-growing rate in both supply/demand sides, which is the most considerable on-board problem for the system operators
A simple local energy system has been considered as a proper test system in this case, which consists of a commercial zone with a 110 kV power station
The system size can be decreased by utilizing a proper thermal energy storage system (TESSs) [22,23], as the size of TESSs should be acceptable for that huge commercial buildings
Summary
In the modern power system, there is a fast-growing rate in both supply/demand sides, which is the most considerable on-board problem for the system operators. At the demand side, the thermal energy storage system (TESSs) is well designed to commit the cooling/heating consumption units in the urgent time spots, when the system cannot provide the loads sufficiently because of generation problems. The commercial and industrial consumption sectors have a larger volume of thermal demands Considering the former units provided by the TESSs, the operation problem of the system would be totally relaxed. The TESSs compensate these errors, and add much flexibility to the system [4] This is why the PGOs are willing to utilize the TESSs. because of the significant amount of installed TESSs in the industrial and residential areas, the storage systems are so suitable to use in such strategies. Using the DRPs for cooling loads, there is more space in the TESSs to compensate for the WFFEs in real-time operation
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