Scenarios of potential vegetation distribution in the different gradient zones of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau under future climate change

Abstract

The spatial distribution of potential vegetation types in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau presents a significant vertical zonation. Explicating the vertical differences of potential vegetation distribution under future climate change in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is an important issue for understanding the response of terrestrial ecosystem to climate change. Based on the observed climate data in 1981–2010 (T0), the scenario data of RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 released by CMIP5 in 2011–2040 (T1), 2041–2070 (T2) and 2071–2100 (T3), and the digital elevation model (DEM) data, the Holdridge life zone (HLZ) model has been improved to simulate the scenarios of potential vegetation distribution in the different gradient zones of Qinghai-Tibet plateau. The shift model of mean center has been improved to calculate the shift direction and distance of mean center in the potential vegetation types. The ecological diversity index was introduced to compute the ecological diversity change of potential vegetation. The simulated results show that there are 17 potential vegetation types in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Wet tundra, high-cold moist forest and nival are the major potential vegetation types and cover 56.26% of the total area of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Under the three scenarios, the nival would have the largest decreased area that would be decreased by 3.340 × 104 km2 per decade, and the high-cold wet forest would have the greatest increased area that would be increased by 3.340 × 104 km2 on average per decade from T0 to T3. The potential vegetation types distributed in the alpine zone would show the fastest change ratio (11.32% per decade) and that in low mountain and other zone would show the slowest change ratio (7.54% per decade) on average. The ecological diversity and patch connectivity of potential vegetation would be decreased by 0.108% and 0.290% per decade on average from T0 to T3. In general, the potential vegetation types distributed in the high elevation area generally have a higher sensitivity to climate change in Qinghai-Tibet plateau in the future.