Scanning Electron Microscopic Investigation of the Effectiveness of Phosphoric Acid in Smear Layer Removal When Compared with EDTA and Citric Acid

Abstract

Introduction The smear layer adheres to dentinal surface, thus occluding the dentinal tubules. Because this layer disfavors the penetration of irrigant solutions and root canal fillings, it should be removed. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of 37% phosphoric acid with that of 17% EDTA and 10% citric acid in the removal of smear layer. Materials and Methods Fifty-two maxillary single-rooted human canines were accessed and instrumented. Between each instrument used, the canals were irrigated with sodium hypochlorite. After instrumentation, the teeth were irrigated with distilled water and then divided into groups according to the time and substances employed. The substances used were 17% EDTA, 10% citric acid, and 37% phosphoric acid solution and gel. The experimental time periods were of 30 seconds, 1 minute, and 3 minutes. The samples were prepared and observed by means of scanning electron microscopy. Three photomicrographs (2,000×) were recorded for each sample regarding the apical, middle, and cervical thirds. A score system was used to evaluate the images. Results None of the substances analyzed in this study was effective for removing the smear layer at 30 seconds. In the 1-minute period, the phosphoric acid solution showed better results than the other substances evaluated. In the 3-minute period, all the substances worked well in the middle and cervical thirds although phosphoric acid solution showed excellent results even in the apical third. Conclusions These findings point toward the possibility that phosphoric acid solution could be a promising agent for smear layer removal.