Abstract
The scaled standard deviations of temperature and humidity are investigated in complex terrain. The study area is a steep Alpine valley, with six measurement sites of different slope, orientation and roughness (i-Box experimental site, Inn Valley, Austria). Examined here are several assumptions forming the basis of Monin–Obukhov similarity theory (MOST), including constant turbulence fluxes with height and the degree of self-correlation between the involved turbulence variables. Since the basic assumptions for the applicability of the MOST approach—horizontally homogeneous and flat conditions—are violated, the analysis is performed based on a local similarity hypothesis. The scaled standard deviations as a function of local stability are compared with previous studies from horizontally homogeneous and flat terrain, horizontally inhomogeneous and flat terrain, weakly inhomogeneous and flat terrain, as well as complex terrain. As a reference, similarity relations for unstable and stable conditions are evaluated using turbulence data from the weakly inhomogeneous and flat terrain of the Cabauw experimental site in the Netherlands, and assessed with the same post-processing method as the i-Box data. Significant differences from the reference curve and also among the i-Box sites are noted, especially for data derived from the i-Box sites with steep slopes. These differences concern the slope and the magnitude of the best-fit curves, illustrating the site dependence of any similarity theory.
Highlights
In recent years, a growing number of studies have focused on turbulence structure in truly complex and mountainous terrain (e.g., Rotach et al 2004; Moraes et al 2005; Rotach and Zardi 2007; Fernando et al 2015; Stiperski and Rotach 2016)
Examined here are several assumptions forming the basis of Monin–Obukhov similarity theory (MOST), including constant turbulence fluxes with height and the degree of self-correlation between the involved turbulence variables
The scaled standard deviations as a function of local stability are compared with previous studies from horizontally homogeneous and flat terrain, horizontally inhomogeneous and flat terrain, weakly inhomogeneous and flat terrain, as well as complex terrain
Summary
A growing number of studies have focused on turbulence structure in truly complex and mountainous terrain (e.g., Rotach et al 2004; Moraes et al 2005; Rotach and Zardi 2007; Fernando et al 2015; Stiperski and Rotach 2016). Improved boundary-layer parametrizations and turbulence closure strategies for high-resolution models are needed for applications that take into account the complexity of the terrain and the flow conditions, as well as canopy flows. Turbulent exchange processes in complex topography have been investigated over the last few decades (e.g.,Rotach and Zardi 2007; Fernando et al 2015), relatively little work (an exception being Nadeau et al 2013a, b) has been devoted to the systematic investigation of scaling relations in complex terrain. In practical applications, scaling relations developed over horizontally homogeneous and flat (HHF) terrain are often employed. The early focus of similarity scaling was based mainly on ideal conditions, as well as horizontally homogeneous and flat terrain, constant fluxes with height in the surface layer, and quasistationary turbulence with very small uncertainties
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