Abstract
Although bone has a high potential to regenerate itself after damage and injury, the efficacious repair of large bone defects resulting from resection, trauma or non-union fractures still requires the implantation of bone grafts. Materials science, in conjunction with biotechnology, can satisfy these needs by developing artificial bones, synthetic substitutes and organ implants. In particular, recent advances in materials science have provided several innovations, underlying the increasing importance of biomaterials in this field. To address the increasing need for improved bone substitutes, tissue engineering seeks to create synthetic, three-dimensional scaffolds made from organic or inorganic materials, incorporating drugs and growth factors, to induce new bone tissue formation. This review emphasizes recent progress in materials science that allows reliable scaffolds to be synthesized for targeted drug delivery in bone regeneration, also with respect to past directions no longer considered promising. A general overview concerning modeling approaches suitable for the discussed systems is also provided.
Highlights
Bone diseases are among the most common conditions threatening human health worldwide, becoming a major socioeconomic and global health care problem [1,2,3]
Skeletal conditions, such as fractures, osteomyelitis, osteoarthritis, osteonecrosis and bone cancer, affect a vast portion of the population, often requiring surgical procedures associated with extensive bone loss
Recent progress in material science allows reliable scaffolds to be exploited for bone repair
Summary
Bone diseases are among the most common conditions threatening human health worldwide, becoming a major socioeconomic and global health care problem [1,2,3]. Autologous grafts are the clinical gold standard to improve bone regeneration, since they are osteoinductive, osteoconductive and totally histocompatible, reducing the risk of immunogenic reactions and disease transmission. Despite these properties, autografts still show some limitations due to the little amount of tissue available for grafting, donor site morbidity and the need for additional surgery, which may lead to an implant failure. In thethe most-studied materials for for designing scaffolds in BTE, theirtheir role In this thisreview, review,we wesummarize summarize most‐studied materials designing scaffolds in BTE, as targeted drug carriers and pharmaceutics agents agents proposed for treating bone regeneration defects. The eventual implications of this approach in the clinic are assessed
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