Abstract
Gut microbiome alterations may play a paramount role in determining the clinical outcome of clinical COVID-19 with underlying comorbid conditions like T2D, cardiovascular disorders, obesity, etc. Research is warranted to manipulate the profile of gut microbiota in COVID-19 by employing combinatorial approaches such as the use of prebiotics, probiotics and symbiotics. Prediction of gut microbiome alterations in SARS-CoV-2 infection may likely permit the development of effective therapeutic strategies. Novel and targeted interventions by manipulating gut microbiota indeed represent a promising therapeutic approach against COVID-19 immunopathogenesis and associated co-morbidities. The impact of SARS-CoV-2 on host innate immune responses associated with gut microbiome profiling is likely to contribute to the development of key strategies for application and has seldom been attempted, especially in the context of symptomatic as well as asymptomatic COVID-19 disease.
Highlights
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the development coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) globally, described initially from a wet market in Wuhan, China, back in September 2019 (Chan et al, 2020)
It has become clear that downregulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) reduces the intestinal absorption of tryptophan that lowers the secretion of antimicrobial peptides entailing gut dysbiosis (He Y. et al, 2020). Bacterial species such as Bacteroides dorei appear to have a significant role in regulating host immune responses by suppressing the expression of colonic ACE2 (Yoshida et al, 2018) supported by the finding that critically ill COVID-19 patients develop gastrointestinal symptoms (Du et al, 2020)
Type VI effector, TecA of B. cenocepacia induces the activation of pyrin inflammasome through the deamidation of Rho GTPases that drive inflammation K. pneumoniae enhances inflammatory response in human airway epithelial cells through activation of TLR4 and TLR2 and preventing the action of host proteins such as CYLD and MKP-1 which are involved in immune homeostasis post inflammation event Enterobactin of E. coli prevents action of bacteriocidal enzyme myeloperoxidase which is secreted from the neutrophil in the inflamed gut HisF gene of this bacteria is responsible for the reduction of innate immune response
Summary
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the development coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) globally, described initially from a wet market in Wuhan, China, back in September 2019 (Chan et al, 2020). Bacterial species such as Bacteroides dorei appear to have a significant role in regulating host immune responses by suppressing the expression of colonic ACE2 (Yoshida et al, 2018) supported by the finding that critically ill COVID-19 patients develop gastrointestinal symptoms (Du et al, 2020).
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