Santé perçue, anxiété et motivation sportive

Abstract

Health is an essential element of quality of life. Indeed, we know that benefits of endurance sports are especially beneficial to cardio-vascular plan. Physical activities performed by children and adolescents are good for their health, both in terms of prevention of many diseases related to physical inactivity, but also in terms of physical skills and potential physical drive. Physical activity is an important factor in development of personality and development. Athletes have a better image of themselves and a better lifestyle than others. However, those who have an intense sport (at least eight hours per week), have conducted, could lead eventually to ill health. An important dimension of health among adolescents is anxiety. It is a motivation or behavioral characteristic in a wide range of situations (physically or psychologically), safe and to react by anxiety intensity disproportionate to the objective danger. The relationship between the emotional state of athletes and performance has long been an important topic of research in psychology. The research focused on the concept of anxiety as a factor explaining the lower performance of athletes. Therefore, many works have been carried out to assess the consequences of anxiety in competition by supporting the idea that anxiety is a strong predictor of future performance. The framework is the self-determination theory, the hierarchical model of self-determined motivation and the achievement goals theory. The motivation is devised in two types: intrinsic motivation (IM) and extrinsic motivation (EM). IM implies engaging in an activity for the pleasure and satisfaction inherent in the activity. Vallerand et al. have suggested a tripartite taxonomy of IM: to know, to accomplish things and to experience stimulation. EM refers to a broad array of behaviours having in common the fact that activities are engaged in not for reason inherent in them but for instrumental reasons. The authors identified third types of EM varying in their degree of self-determination and can be ordered along self-determination continuum ranging from non self-determined to self-determined forms. There are external regulation, introjected regulation and identified regulation. A-motivation is at work when individuals display a relative absence of motivation. The model of achievement goals distinguishes two types of goals: approach and avoidance goals. Performance-approach goals refers to focus on attaining competence relative to others; mastery goals refers to focus on the development of competence and task mastery and performance-avoidance goals refers to focus on avoiding incompetence relative to others. Mastery and performance approach are approach goals, whereas performance-avoidance is an avoidance goal. Goals are viewed as important in the self-regulation process because they are posited to serve as channels for the general propensities evoked by approach and avoidance temperaments. We expect that each motivation or goal achievement in sport lead to different emotional patterns. Two hundred eighty-six youths aged 15 to 19 years responded to a questionnaire. They choose to practice collectives’ sports (48.8%) and individual sports (51.2%). These results show, in part, self-determined motivation (ME identified) predicted more adaptative behaviour. Thus, the performance-avoidance goal affects the health and anxious. Mastery goals are more protective to health. There is a link between the level of motivation and psychological well-being. The psychological consequences associated with the sport vary depending on the degree of motivation.