Abstract
Phlebotominae sand flies are natural hosts of various microorganisms including etiological agents of diseases of medical and veterinary importance such as viruses, bacteria and protozoa. Parasites of the genus Leishmania is widely spread around the world and are pathogenic to man, wild and domestic animals with a variety of species and, in most cases, a specific vectors. In the Neotropical region nearly 530 species of sand flies are known and this current review updates the information on the vectors of leishmaniases in the Americas.
Highlights
Sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) are natural hosts of various microorganisms including etiological agents of diseases of medical and veterinary importance such as viruses, bacteria and protozoa
Several countries in the New World have occasional to high incidence of skin and visceral leishmaniasis
Its importance as a vector of Leishmania braziliensis in the Northeast and Southeast and possibly other regions of Brazil [22,27] is irrefutable and maybe an important vector in Argentina and Paraguay. Another possible vector of L. braziliensis is Migonemyia (Migonemyia) migonei a sand fly with a wide distribution throughout most of South America and well adaptated to most environments modified by man
Summary
Sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) are natural hosts of various microorganisms including etiological agents of diseases of medical and veterinary importance such as viruses, bacteria and protozoa. Four genera of trypanosomatid protozoa are found parasitizing this group of insect: Endotrypanum, Trypanosoma, Sauroleishmania and Leishmania The latter genus is pathogenic for man who has sand flies as vectors, a fact that gives these insects great importance for the transmission of leishmaniases in various regions of the world including Americas [1,2]. The development of different species of Leishmania in the sand fly species possible varies on the location of the infection in the digestive tract of the insect, which allows dividing them into three different groups This physiological characteristic of Leishmania served as the basis for the current classification of the genus Leishmania into two subgenera: Leishmania and Viannia and separating the genus Sauroleishmania which was subsequently confirmed to be a valid genus by biochemical and molecular studies. The abdominal status of the female sand fly is a useful biological character for vector incrimination investigation and in an mature infected sand fly blood meal is fully digested [10,16]
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