Same-day antiretroviral therapy is associated with increased loss to follow-up in South African public health facilities: a prospective cohort study of patients diagnosed with HIV.

Dvora Joseph Davey,Khanyo Hlophe,Marlien Prins,Ntokozo Mkhize,Claire Serrao,Todd Malone,Senate Sejake,Kathleen Kehoe

doi:10.1002/jia2.25529

Abstract

IntroductionSouth Africa introduced Universal Test and Treat in 2016 including antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation on the same‐day as HIV diagnosis. Our study sought to evaluate the impact of same‐day ART initiation on loss to follow‐up (LTFU) and mortality comparing with patients who initiated ART after their HIV diagnosis.MethodsWe conducted a file review of patients with a HIV diagnosis and ART start date on file between September 2016 and May 2018 in six high HIV burden districts. Our primary outcome was LTFU (>90 days from the last clinical visit or drug pick‐up until database closure 31 July 2018). The secondary outcome was mortality after ART initiation. Time to outcome was assessed comparing same‐day vs. one to seven, eight to twenty‐one and ≥ twenty‐two days to ART initiation using Kaplan‐Meier estimators stratified by sex. We investigated predictors using univariate and multivariable Cox proportional hazards models, adjusting for a priori characteristics.ResultsOverall, 92,609 ART patients contributed 43,922 person‐years from ART initiation, with a median follow‐up time of 246 days (IQR = 112 to 455). Of these patients, 33,399 (36%) initiated ART on the same‐day as their HIV diagnosis date and had a median follow‐up time of 174 days (IQR = 85 to 349). Same‐day patients were predominantly non‐pregnant females (56%) and aged 25 to 34 years (40%). Same‐day ART initiation increased from 2.8% in September 2016 to 7.1% in April 2018. In same‐day patients, 33% (n = 11,114) were classified as LTFU with a median time of 55 days (IQR = 1 to 185), compared to 371 mean days (IQR = 161 to 560) in patients who initiated ≥22 days after diagnosis. A similar proportion of LTFU was observed for patients who initiated later: 31% 1 to 21 day and 33% ≥22 day. Same‐day ART patients had an increased risk of LTFU vs. ≥1 day (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.24 to 1.33) adjusting for covariates. Although all‐cause mortality was slightly lower in same‐day patients (0.9%) vs. >1 day (1.4%; aHR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.72 to 1.05) adjusting for covariates. Men had highest risk of mortality and LTFU.ConclusionsSame‐day ART increased the risk of LTFU, but same‐day patients experienced slightly lower mortality. Same‐day patients may require additional counselling and interventions to improve retention. Additional research is needed on targeted interventions, including differentiated care, to reduce LTFU in patients initiating ART same‐day.

Highlights

South Africa introduced Universal Test and Treat in 2016 including antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation on the same-day as HIV diagnosis
Any ART initiation within three months was higher in rapid ART group; there was a non-significant trend toward decreased retention in same-day ART patients [15]
Our study found that same-day ART patients had increased risk of being loss to follow-up (LTFU), including rapid LTFU compared with patients who initiated ART after their date of diagnosis

Summary

Introduction

South Africa introduced Universal Test and Treat in 2016 including antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation on the same-day as HIV diagnosis. Innovative, cost-effective and scalable approaches are needed to meet UNAIDS’ ambitious 90-90-90 goals: 90% of people living with HIV (PLHIV) know their serostatus, 90% of those are on sustained antiretroviral therapy (ART) and 90% of those are virally suppressed [1] To reach those targets, South Africa adopted a universal test and treat policy in September 2016, which included endorsement of same-day ART for clinically stable patients [2]. In the United States, a recent study found that loss to follow-up (LTFU) was similar between same-day initiators and standard of care, and viral suppression was achieved more quickly in the intervention patients treated in the same clinic [14]. A recent South African clinical file review found that same day initiation was associated with poorer retention when compared to later initiation [16]

Results

Discussion

Conclusion