Abstract
Freezing is a non-physiological method that includes a series of processes such as dilution, incubation, cooling, freezing and thawing, which affect the structure, biochemistry and function of sperm. Human sperm freezing has overcome many spatial and temporal limitations and is now an integral part of assisted reproductive technologies (ART). Freezing causes biochemical, functional and structural changes in sperm. These changes include plasma and sperm acrosome membranes, which increase their permeability and leads to disruption of morphology, motility and chromatin structure. Therefore, freezing causes irreversible damage to sperm, which leads to the loss of movement and biological function of most sperm. Sperm health is one of the important factors in the fertility of couples. Therefore, reducing the harmful effects caused by freezing and properly performing the in vitro Fertilization (IVF) process, the development of useful solutions is inevitable. The extract from black fruits of Elderberry (Sambucus nigra) has potent in vitro effect on the sperm motility, vitality and oxidative profile. This extract can largely improve the sperms parameters and stereological parameters (spermatogonia, primary spermatocyte, round spermatid, and Leydig cells), decrease of TNF-a and caspase-3 expression, increase of the serum testosterone, increase of mitochondrial activity, and reduction of reactive oxygen species. So, it can also be used as in vivo status. We suggested that black fruits of Sambucus nigra makes sperms come out ahead in IVF techniques.
Published Version
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