Abstract
Cultivated beets, including leaf beets, garden beets, fodder beets, and sugar beets, which belong to the species Beta vulgaris L., are economically important edible crops that have been originated from a halophytic wild ancestor, Beta maritima L. (sea beet or wild beet). Salt and drought are major abiotic stresses, which limit crop growth and production and have been most studied in beets compared to other environmental stresses. Characteristically, beets are salt- and drought-tolerant crops; however, prolonged and persistent exposure to salt and drought stress results in a significant drop in beet productivity and yield. Hence, to harness the best benefits of beet cultivation, knowledge of stress-coping strategies, and stress-tolerant beet varieties, are prerequisites. In the current review, we have summarized morpho-physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses of sugar beet, fodder beet, red beet, chard (B. vulgaris L.), and their ancestor, wild beet (B. maritima L.) under salt and drought stresses. We have also described the beet genes and noncoding RNAs previously reported for their roles in salt and drought response/tolerance. The plant biologists and breeders can potentiate the utilization of these resources as prospective targets for developing crops with abiotic stress tolerance.
Highlights
The red juice from Swiss chard and red beet is an important source of natural pigments, which play a role in free-radical scavenging and have economic value due to their use in the health, pharmaceutical, and food industries [5,6]
The drought-tolerant sugar beet genotypes did not even show up-regulation of these genes [18]. These findings suggest that wild beet plants are protected by proline and betaine against drought stress, but comprehensive studies need to be done on the roles of Bet/ProTs in different beet cultivars
Insalt addition to the physiological and biochemical beet genotype beet various salt-tolerance strategies, high changes of wild beetWild under saltdisplays and drought stress described in previous including subsections, we succulence index, higher volume of the palisade and spongy parenchyma cells, smaller leaf briefly outline the differences of salt and drought stress response in cultivated beets and area, number of leaves, osmotic adjustment, andinhigher antioxidant enzyme activities wildmore beet and summarize the evolutionary studies beet populations
Summary
Plants counteract saline environments and water deficit through an internal osmotic adjustment attained by accumulation of compatible solutes, which enable them to cope with ion toxicity and maintain water uptake and cell turgor [90]. Similar to gene expression profiles, proline accumulation was observed in leaves under salt stress, P5CS protein did not increase in roots and leaves of sugar beet [53]. This suggests that sugar beet might have lost its ability to maintain proline contents under high salinity [31]. In B. vulgaris, high salinity did not cause elevations in the transcription of this gene [31] These results suggest that wild beets have a better performance in maintaining GB levels than sugar beet under salt stress. The identification of sugar transporters, and genes related to compatible solute biosynthesis, will help us to better understand stress tolerance strategies in beets and enhance sugar yield and abiotic stress tolerance for crop improvement programs
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