Safety Assurance of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships

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Abstract Safety of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) is inherently complex owing to the dynamic and unpredictable nature of the maritime environment. This is exacerbated by the pace of change in enabling technologies and their disruptive impact. Integral to the safety assurance of MASS is assessment and mitigation of risk. The International Maritime Organisation (IMO) defines Risk as “the combination of frequency and severity of the consequence”. The advent of software-controlled systems has introduced difficulties in quantifying frequencies; an issue which is more prevalent in the context of autonomy due to the complex interaction between control algorithms and the variabilities of the environment in which they are deployed. Within complex autonomous systems, therefore it is challenging to perform quantitative risk assessments using failure rates, which gives rise to a need for different techniques to assess risk. Novel risk assessment methodologies such as those presented in the European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA) Risk Based Assessment Tool (RBAT) combined with conventional risk assessment techniques can offer a solution to this challenge. Compliance with legislation and standards is another cornerstone of safety assurance, which is also inherently difficult for MASS vessels owing to their having been developed for conventional vessels. A goal-based approach to legislation compliance could present an interim solution until the IMO goal-based Maritime Autonomous Systems (MAS) provides harmonisation across the industry. Whilst MASS Safety assurance is non-trivial, there are solutions to many of the challenges faced; this paper examines the predominant challenges and presents potential solutions.