Abstract
Agricultural non-point source pollution (ANSP) has become one of the main sources of pollution in water source areas. An effective solution to this problem is the use of ecological compensation to encourage rural households to adopt agricultural pollution control measures. This study aims to answer two questions: How much compensation should be given to encourage rural households in water source areas to participate in ANSP control? What factors will influence their participation? In this study, paddy rice planting in water source area has been used as an example aiming to answer these questions. This study used the random parameter logit (RPL) model with survey data from 632 rural households in the Qinba water source area to empirically analyze rural households’ willingness to accept compensation for ANSP control and the influencing factors of this willingness. From this information, the compensation standards for ANSP control in a water source area were calculated. The results show that (1) compensation had a significant incentive effect on rural households’ willingness to control ANSP. The marginal compensation standard for reducing the use of fertilizer and pesticide was $3.40/ha and $2.00/ha, respectively. The compensation standard for not applying chemical fertilizer and pesticide at all was $540.23/ha. (2) There was heterogeneity in rural households’ preference for ANSP control compensation policies. Rural households characterized by younger residents, higher family income, higher perception of the ecological benefits, and higher perception of government policy were more willing to participate in the compensation policy. It is suggested that rural households showed a strong preference for ANSP control policies by considering both of their economic losses and ecological benefits. Our study contributes to the literature by enriching the evaluation method in providing references for the compensation of ANSP control policies
Highlights
Water source area conservation is key to ensuring water security
Rural households characterized by younger residents, higher family income, higher perception of the ecological benefits, and higher perception of government policy were more willing to participate in the compensation policy
The results showed that the local communities had an estimated mean willingness to accept (WTA) of 2026 USD/(household·year), which was generally lower than opportunity costs in the form of foregone income [23]
Summary
Water source area conservation is key to ensuring water security. the ecological security of global water source areas is at risk caused by of agricultural non-point source pollution (ANSP) [1,2,3,4].The use of large amounts of fertilizer and pesticides and the random disposal of agricultural film, straw, livestock manure, and other contaminants all lead to N, P, and other pollutants entering theWater 2019, 11, 1251; doi:10.3390/w11061251 www.mdpi.com/journal/waterWater 2019, 11, 1251 water through runoff and leakage, resulting in ANSP [5]. The ecological security of global water source areas is at risk caused by of agricultural non-point source pollution (ANSP) [1,2,3,4]. ANSP in water sources endangers the whole basin, and approaches that effectively control ANSP have become critical to water source areas. The Chinese government primarily relies on top-down administrative measures to protect water source areas. Because ANSP characteristics are wide-ranging, concealed, random, and difficult to monitor, is the cost of monitoring or improving water quality high, but wrongly identifying priority areas might lead to even higher costs [9,10]. Rural households have economic incentives to adopt ANSP control measures, thereby achieving two goals: protecting the environment and developing the economy
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