Runoff and Solute Outputs under Different Land Uses: Long-Term Results from a Mediterranean Mountain Experimental Station

Estela Nadal-Romero,Teodoro Lasanta,José M García-Ruiz,Makki Khorchani

doi:10.3390/w11050976

Abstract

Water availability and quality in Mediterranean environments are largely related to the spatial organisation of land uses in mountain areas, where most water resources are generated. However, there is scant data available on the potential effects of land use changes on surface water chemistry in the Mediterranean mountain region. In order to address this gap in the research, this study investigates the effects of various mountain Mediterranean land covers/land uses on runoff water yielded and water chemistry (solute concentrations and loads) using data from the Aísa Valley Experimental Station (Central Pyrenees) for a long-term period (1991–2011). Nine land covers have been reproduced in closed plots, including dense shrub cover, grazing meadows, cereal, fallow land, abandoned field, shifting agriculture (active and abandoned) and 2 burned plots (one burned in 1991 and the second one burned twice in 1993 and 2001). Results show that all solute concentrations differed among land uses, with agricultural activity producing significantly higher solute loads and concentrations than the other types. Two groups have been identified: (i) the lowest solute concentrations and the smallest quantities of solute loads are recorded in the dense shrub cover, the plot burned once (at present well colonized with shrubs), meadows and abandoned field plots; (ii) the plot burned twice registered moderate values and the highest solute concentrations and loads are found in cereal, fallow land and shifting agriculture plots. Water chemistry is clearly dominated by Ca2+ and HCO3− concentrations, whereas other solutes are exported in very low quantities due to the poor nutrient content of the soil. These results complete the information published previously on soil erosion under different land uses in this experimental station and help to explain the evolution of land cover as a consequence of shifting agriculture, cereal farming on steep slopes and the use of recurrent fires to favour seasonal grazing. They also suggest that promoting the development of grazing and cutting meadows is a good strategy to reduce not only soil erosion but also the loss of nutrients.

Highlights

The quality and availability of water resources constitute one the most important environmental problems in many countries of the world (i.e., [1])
In the case of solute concentrations and loads, the results obtained in this study demonstrate that there are highly significant differences between the LULC with little soil and plant cover disturbances and those greatly disturbed by human activities
Runoff water, suspended sediment and solute concentration and loads were monitored in the AVES in nine 30 m2 experimental plots that represent distinct LULC over a 20-year study period

Summary

Introduction

The quality and availability of water resources constitute one the most important environmental problems in many countries of the world (i.e., [1]). Giorgi [8] considered, on a global scale, the Mediterranean basin as a “hot spot” due to the limitation of water resources. It is well known, that the evolution of surface water resources is controlled by two groups of environmental factors that are variable on a temporal scale: climate and land uses and land covers (hereafter, LULC). The increase in vegetation cover implies a greater evapotranspiration and interception [13,14] and higher water consumption by vegetation [15], reducing the surface flows of Mediterranean rivers and the water for filling reservoirs [16]

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion