Abstract
The study is aimed at determining the role of various social-economic variables on the income of rubber plantation smallholders and help develop the plantations in North Sumatra, Indonesia. It uses descriptive methods to assess such variables. The results show the number of dependents, education, land status, seed sources, seed quality, planters, fertilization, farmer age, land area, and the age of rubber plants to determine their income by 45.2%. Also, the land status, area, and fertilization become the primary determinants of revenue in the smallholder's rubber plantation business, though their business is still managed traditionally. Traditional cultivation patterns prove that farmers try to improve land in order to boost revenues. High education does not support the increase of income when the approach to cultivation remains traditional. Efforts to encourage productivity can be made by optimizing the inputs to the land. Keywords: Management model, traditional farming, smallholders, rubber plantation
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