Rotation induced charged pion condensation in a strong magnetic field: A Nambu–Jona-Lasino model study

Abstract

We investigate the possibility of charged pion condensation in the presence of parallel rotation and magnetic field within the Nambu--Jona-Lasinio model with quarks as the fundamental degrees of freedom. Previous study based on non-interacting Klein-Gordon theory for pions showed that the charged pions will undergo Bose-Einstein condensation under this circumstance [Y. Liu and I. Zahed, Phys. Rev. Lett. ${\bf 120}$, 032001 (2018)]. In this work, we take into account the internal quark structures of charged pions self-consistently through quark polarization loops in an interacting theory, i.e., the Nambu--Jona-Lasino model. The stability of the system is explored against the formation of a nonzero expectation value of the composite charged pion field $\bar{u}i\gamma_5d$. We find that two competing effects are induced by the rotation: the isospin enhancement which favors charged pion condensation and the spin breaking which disfavors the condensation. For a strong magnetic field ($\sqrt{eB}\sim1{\rm GeV}$) and system size of a few fermi, the isospin enhancement effect is stronger than the spin breaking one, and the charged pion condensation becomes energetically favored beyond a critical angular velocity of a few MeV.