Rotating micropolar hybrid nanofluid: Exothermic/endothermic effects and waste discharge on exponential sheet

Abstract

This research offers a comprehensive investigation into the steady‐state, three‐dimensional flow of an incompressible hybrid nanofluid over a bi‐directionally stretching exponential sheet. A central aspect of the study is the behavior of rotating micropolar fluids within a Darcy‐Forchheimer porous medium, enhanced by the inclusion of electromagnetic forces. The effects of embedding nanoparticles and in a water‐based fluid are explored to reveal their influence on fluid motion and heat transfer. The thermal dynamics are scrutinized, with particular emphasis on the roles of heat absorption and viscous dissipation. Moreover, this study incorporates both endothermic and exothermic reactions in radiative flows, alongside the impact of Soret and Dufour diffusion effects. The discharge of wastewater is a critical issue in environmental management and industrial applications, underscoring the need for rigorous regulation to prevent water pollution and ensure adherence to environmental standards. This research addresses the non‐Newtonian flow resulting from wastewater discharge, incorporating Arrhenius activation energy in the analysis. Furthermore, the behavior of microorganisms within the flow is studied under velocity slip conditions and a range of convective boundary conditions. Through the application of similarity transformations, the governing differential equations are derived and solved numerically using MATLAB's bvp4c solver, with results depicted through detailed graphical analysis to illustrate the fluid's complex behavior. The heat transfer rate gets reduced by 1.96% with the enhancement in the Eckert number.