Role of tonic inhibition in associative reward conditioning in Lymnaea

Vincenzo Marra

doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2010.00161

Abstract

Changes in the strength of excitatory synaptic connections are known to underlie associative memory formation in the molluscan nervous system but less is known about the role of synaptic inhibition. Tonic or maintained synaptic inhibition has an important function in controlling the Lymnaea feeding system and is known to suppress feeding in the absence of food or in satiated animals. Tonic inhibition to the feeding network is provided by the N3t interneuron that has inhibitory monosynaptic connection with the central pattern generator interneuron, the N1M. Here we asked whether a reduction in the level of tonic inhibition provided by the N3t cell could play a role in reward conditioning? Semi-intact preparations made from hungry snails were conditioned using a previously developed one-trial chemical conditioning paradigm. We recorded electrical activity in a feeding motoneuron, the B3, at various time-points after conditioning. This allowed us to measure the frequency of spike activity in the N3t interneuron and monitor fictive feeding patterns that generate the rhythmic movements involved in food ingestion. We show that there is a reduction in N3t spiking at 1, 2, 3, and 4 h after conditioning but not at 10 and 30 min and the reduction in N3t firing inversely correlates with an increase in the conditioned fictive feeding response. Computer simulation of N3t–N1M interactions suggests that changes in N3t firing are sufficient to explain the increase in the fictive feeding activity produced by conditioning. A network model is presented that summarizes evidence suggesting that reward conditioning in Lymnaea is due to the combined effects of reduced tonic inhibition and enhanced excitatory synaptic connections between the CS pathway and feeding command neurons.

Highlights

Modification in the strength of synaptic connections has been proposed to be the major mechanism of learning in both vertebrate and invertebrate systems (Milner et al, 1998; Kandel, 2001)
The frequency of the N3t input is inversely correlated with the strength of the conditioned response, i.e., the conditioned response measured as changes in the fictive feeding response to the CS is stronger in preparations displaying a lower level of inhibition
The N3t cells monosynaptically inhibit the most important central pattern generator (CPG) interneuron, the N1M, and it is this inhibitory synaptic connection that mediates the inhibitory effects of the N3t firing on the rhythmic activity underlying fictive feeding activity

Summary

Introduction

Modification in the strength of synaptic connections has been proposed to be the major mechanism of learning in both vertebrate and invertebrate systems (Milner et al, 1998; Kandel, 2001). This type of tonic or maintained inhibition is known to suppress feeding in quiescent animals in the absence of food or in satiated animals (Staras et al, 2003) but its modulation could play a role in learning. The inhibitory synaptic input that modulates feeding is known to originate from a CPG interneuron known as N3t This N3t neuron has a monosynaptic inhibitory connection with N1M (Figure 1), a CPG interneuron whose required activation to produce a feeding rhythm depends on a reduction of N3t tonic inhibition (Staras et al, 2003). Under these circumstances the N3t fires phasically and becomes part of the CPG rhythm

Methods

Results

Conclusion