Abstract
Although a critical role of adaptive immune system has been confirmed in driving local and systemic inflammation in type 2 diabetes and promoting insulin resistance, the underlying mechanism is not completely understood. Inflammatory regulation has been focused on innate immunity especially macrophage for a long time, while increasing evidence suggests T cells are crucial for the development of metabolic inflammation and insulin resistance since 2009. There was growing evidence supporting the critical implication of T cells in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. We will discuss the available effect of T cells subsets in adaptive immune system associated with the procession of T2DM, which may unveil several potential strategies that could provide successful therapies in the future.
Highlights
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by impaired insulin secretion, glucose intolerance, and hyperglycemia
In diet-induced obesity, CD4+T cells were increased in the adipose tissue and induced the recruitment and differentiation of tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-)α-secreting M1, while the number of IL-10-secreting M2 reduced in the adipose tissue [21]
Oral anti-CD3 plus glucosylceramide treatment was shown to induce the production of IL-10 and TGF-β, which was associated with improved fasting glucose, visceral adipose tissue inflammation, liver enzymes, and hepatic steatosis in ob/ob mice [32]
Summary
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by impaired insulin secretion, glucose intolerance, and hyperglycemia. Hotamisligil et al reported an increase of TNF-α in adipose tissue from different animal models of obesity and diabetes. Studies have indicated that other inflammatory cytokines such as IL1β and IFN-γ which are increased in obesity and diabetes modulate insulin signaling [5, 6]. Macrophages are the major inflammatory cell type in the glucose-utilizing tissues such as adipose tissue and liver. Early studies on inflammatory regulation of diabetes have been focused on innate immune function. Suggest adaptive immune system, especially T lymphocyte, plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of T2DM. We will discuss the functional involvement of T cells in the pathogenesis of T2DM, especially the regulatory effects of T cells on chronic inflammation
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