Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), are characterized by progressive loss (and even death) of structure and function of neurons, and have created great burden to the individual and the society. The actual cause of various neurodegenerative diseases still remains a mystery in healthcare. Some of the commonly studied environmental factors causes for neurodegenerative diseases are protein degradation, oxidative stress, inflammation, environmental factor, mitochondrial defects, familial history, and abnormal protein accumulation in neuron. However ageing plays a very important role in neurodegenerative diseases. Medicinal plants and natural compounds, such as Withania somnifera (ashwagandha), Ginseng, curcumin, resveratrol, Baccopa monnieri, Ginkgo biloba, and Wolfberry have been applied to prevent or alleviate neurological diseases and relief of neurological symptoms reported in in vivo or in clinical trails. Natural compounds in nanosize range as a therapeutic agent possess the same activity as in native state. Nanodrug delivery helps to increase the bioavailability of the drug and thereby specifically target cells and tissues. Nanoparticles, polymeric nanomicelles, complex polymers nanocrystal, and nanofibers are used to carry the medicinal plants for drug delivery system in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Especially, electrospinning and electrospraying as straightforward yet versatile techniques for the production of nanosized fibers and particles possess huge potential in encapsulation of natural compounds for the neurodegenerative diseases. This review is a study to understand the role of nanotechnology and natural compounds in neurodegenerative diseases associated with ageing.
Highlights
Millions of people worldwide are affected with neurodegenerative diseases every year
This review is a study to understand the role of nanotechnology and natural compounds in neurodegenerative diseases associated with ageing
The results suggested that B. monnieri has immense ability to activate Hsp70, P450 and superoxide dismutase which thereby help the brain to fight against adverse stress condition
Summary
Millions of people worldwide are affected with neurodegenerative diseases every year. The number of people affected by Alzheimer’s disease alone increased from 26.6 million in the year 2006 to 36 million in the year 2014, out of which 5.1 million are Americans of all ages, of which 200,000 are under age 65 (younger- onset Alzheimer’s) [107]. The cost for neurodegenerative disease treatment is very high; more than $100 billion is spent every year for Alzheimer’s disease [23, 86]. Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the progressive damage and dysfunction of the neurons or the nerve cells. Neurodegenerative disease causes regarding protein degradation [101], various environmental factors [23], mitochondrial defects, familial
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