Role of mechanical activation in the dynamic transformation of austenite

Abstract

When austenite is deformed above the equilibrium transformation temperature Ae3, it is dynamically transformed into Widmanstätten ferrite by a displacive mechanism. On removal of the load it is slowly retransformed into austenite by diffusional processes. The forward transformation has recently been explained in terms of a thermodynamic model in which the lower free energy of austenite is raised above that of normally unstable ferrite as a result of the additional stored energy associated with the dislocations introduced by straining. This model is here shown to be unable to account for the initiation of transformation at critical strains of about 0.1, at which only low densities of dislocations are present. Of particular importance is the observation that dynamic transformation can be initiated at temperatures 100°C and more above the Ae3 and that the critical strain actually decreases with increasing temperature and increasing chemical free energy barrier. This discrepancy is removed by allowing for mechanical (stress-based) activation of the transformation. The latter provides the energy required to accommodate the shear of the parent austenite into Widmanstätten plates, as well as the volume change or dilatation accompanying ferrite formation. The work of dilatation and the shear accommodation work, omitted from the previous analysis, are introduced here as barriers to the transformation that are overcome by the applied stress. This modified approach is able to account for the very rapid forward (mechanically activated) transformation compared with the much slower reverse transformation that takes place in the absence of stress.