Abstract
The risk of different oral problems (root caries, tooth mobility, and tooth loss) can be increased by the presence of periodontal disease, which has also been associated with a growing list of systemic diseases. The presence of some bacteria is the primary etiology of this disease; a susceptible host is also necessary for disease initiation. In this respect, the progression of periodontal disease and healing of the periodontal tissues can be modulated by nutritional status. To clarify the role of lipids in the establishment, progression, and/or treatment of this pathology, a systematic review was conducted of English-written literature in PubMed until May 2016, which included research on the relationship of these dietary components with the onset and progression of periodontal disease. According to publication type, randomized-controlled trials, cohort, case-control and cross-sectional studies were included. Among all the analyzed components, those that have any effect on oxidative stress and/or inflammation seem to be the most interesting according to current evidence. On one hand, there is quite a lot of information in favor of a positive role of n-3 fatty acids, due to their antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects. On the other hand, saturated fat-rich diets increase oxidative stress as well the as intensity and duration of inflammatory processes, so they must be avoided.
Highlights
Periodontal disease is a multifactorial pathology featured by the breakdown of periodontal tissues [1]
It is largely assumed that the progression of periodontal disease and healing of the periodontal tissues can be modulated by nutritional status
Total dietary fat intake, in terms of total amount and percentage of energy, was available, reporting that fat intake was lower in the group with higher Community Periodontal Index (CPI) (50.8 ̆ 21 vs. 55.3 ̆ 23.1 g and 23.2% ̆ 7% vs. 25.2% ̆ 7.3% Kcal, p < 0.001)
Summary
Periodontal disease is a multifactorial pathology featured by the breakdown of periodontal tissues [1]. Research on the effect of nutrition on oral disease has focused on the dietary effects on the risk of caries [17] It is less understood how the diet affects the development and progression of periodontal disease. When the teeth have erupted, foods can influence the maintenance of their structure through dietary and topical effects [25] Regarding all of these implications, it has been hypothesized that “periodontal treatment could be enhanced with the addition of certain nutrients to periodontal therapy, providing a safe method to potentiate the clinical response following treatment” [26]. This paper systemically reviews the literature available on databases until May 2016 on the relationship of lipids with the development and progression of periodontal disease in humans, attending with special interest to dietary interventions and implications of each one for mechanisms involved in theses pathologies
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