Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells which can proliferate and replace dead cells in the body. MSCs also secrete immunomodulatory molecules, creating a regenerative microenvironment that has an excellent potential for tissue regeneration. MSCs can be easily isolated and grown in vitro for various applications. For the past two decades, MSCs have been used in research, and many assays and tests have been developed proving that MSCs are an excellent cell source for therapy. This review focusses on quality control parameters required for applications of MSCs including colony formation, surface markers, differentiation potentials, and telomere length. Further, the specific mechanisms of action of MSCs under various conditions such as trans-differentiation, cell fusion, mitochondrial transfer, and secretion of extracellular vesicles are discussed. This review aims to underline the applications and benefits of MSCs in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.
Highlights
Some therapeutic benefits of Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are obtained through trans-differentiation and most of the benefits are mediated through paracrine mechanisms [59], it is worth noting that therapeutic effects of microvesicles and exosomes derived from MSCs differ depending on the tissue or organ in which they resided [60]
Bioprinting technology facilitates the fabrication of bioconstructs utilizing MSCs and other biomaterials in a hierarchical manner to produce various tissues or organs, which can be used for regenerative therapy
The broad applications of MSCs are mainly due to their regenerative potentials as well as their immunomodulatory characteristics
Summary
The study of tissue or organ regeneration was limited by religious and philosophical constraints. Cells are made to regenerate or replace the cells or tissues that are in a damaged and/or non-functional state [3]. This covers a combination of therapeutic approaches such as biocompatible materials, medical devices, artificial organs, and various cellular therapies. Four important regenerative approaches, stem cell therapy, platelet rich plasma (PRP) therapy, lipogems, and prolotherapy are available (Figure 1). Lipogems therapy uses micro-fractured adipose tissue, which contains heterogeneous populations of cells including Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs). Prolotherapy uses natural substances, including stem cells from various sources and PRP to repair joint and tendon injuries [6]. We will focus on stem cell therapies, those using MSCs, which are widely used to treat various diseases
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