Abstract
It is perceived that our society is heading towards an ultra-connected world with the help of emerging technologies. The swift frequency of technological development has been possible due to enhanced advances in IT, cheapness of raw materials that lead to industrial development. Rare earth elements are playing a key role in the economic progress having diverse applications in alloys, magnets, catalyst, phosphors and are utilized in equipments such as batteries, sensors, electric vehicles. The prominence of these elements has gone up due to high demand, limited supply and non-availability of appropriate substitutes. Considering the present scenario, recovery of rare earths from end of life products through economical technology have become top priorities in metallurgy. There are diverse routes to recover rare earths from secondary resources ranging from hydrometallurgical to pyrometallurgical processes. Hydrometallurgical technique such as solvent extraction has been proved beneficial in recovering rare earths from these secondary resources. This review has been framed to discuss the role of extracting agents and diluents in the extraction circuits used for rare earth extraction and separation studies taking into consideration the end of life products. The function of different extractants such as di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA), 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexylester (PC 88A), bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphinic acid (Cyanex 272), trialkyl phosphine oxides (Cyanex 923) and diluents like pentane, hexane, Solvent 70, dodecane, Octanol and cyclohexanone employed for the extraction of rare earths from the waste materials, particularly magnet scraps, spent batteries and lamp phosphors have been highlighted. The recent challenges concerning the development of cost effective, eco-friendly green extractants like tricaprylmethyl ammonium chloride (Aliquat 336), DEHPA· Alamine 336 IL have also been discussed.
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