Abstract
In the last decade, the incidence of diabetes in Canada has nearly doubled and is now estimated to affect one in three individuals. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a serious public health problem: governments and health care professional are working to control its propagation, offer better treatment alternatives and reduce its impact on patient quality of life. Insulin resistance is an early event in the development of T2D. Due to its mass and important role in the maintenance of glucose homeostasis, skeletal muscle is believed to play a central role in the development of insulin resistance. The development of this metabolic disorder is multifaceted with obesity, physical activity and diet receiving the most research interest. It is recognized that mitochondrial dysfunction, increased oxidative stress and inflammation are implicated in the development of insulin resistance in muscle. Recently, the environmental hypothesis has been advanced to explain the increased number of patients with T2D. Various persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), bisphenol A (BPA) and p, p-dichlorodiphenylchloroethane (DDT) are being investigated in their relation to T2D. However, despite the importance of skeletal muscle in the development of insulin resistance and T2D, very few studies have focused on the effect of POPs on skeletal muscle energy metabolism. This review will highlight the implication of POPs in the development of diabetes and present work being done to asses POPs’ involvement in observed metabolic disarrangements, specifically at the level of skeletal muscle.
Highlights
Diabetes is a chronic disease affecting over 382 million people worldwide, considered an epidemic level (Carvalho-Santos et al, 2015)
In a nested case-control study, low dose persistent organic pollutants (POPs) predicted incident Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and it was concluded that simultaneous exposure to various POPs such as organo-chlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) may contribute to development of obesity, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance (IR), which are common precursors of T2D (Lee et al, 2011)
In a study done by Morino et al (2005), it was observed that the rate of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in muscle was 60% lower in IR offspring of parent with T2D than the control subjects associated with a 38% lower mitochondrial density (Morino et al, 2005)
Summary
Diabetes is a chronic disease affecting over 382 million people worldwide, considered an epidemic level (Carvalho-Santos et al, 2015). Its prevalence is only expected to rise, projecting numbers to reach 592 million individuals affected by 2035 (Guariguata et al, 2014) It has been declared as a major threat to public health in the United States and worldwide (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] 2014; World Health Organization [WHO], 2016). Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are organic compounds that resist photolytic, biological and chemical degradation (Ngwa, Kengne, Tiedeu-Atogho, Mofo-Mato, & Sobngwi, 2015). Vol 6, No 4; 2016 biphenyls (PCBs) and organo-chlorine pesticides such as dicholordiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and 1,1dichloro- 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE) occurs primarily through the consumption of animal fat found in dairy products, fish and meats (Ngwa, Kengne, Tiedeu-Atogho, Mofo-Mato, & Sobngwi, 2015). The public is exposed to Bisphenol A (BPA), a chemical used in the manufacture of food and beverage containers such as water bottles, storage containers, and infant bottles, through migration of the chemical from food packaging and the exposure rates in Canada for the general population range from 0.06 to 4.30 μg/kg body weight/day (D’Amour, Lye, & Murray, 2011)
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