Role of Endogenous and Exogenous Factors in the Process of Stone Formation during Urolithiasis. Types and Chemical Composition of Uroliths

Abstract

Urolithiasis is one of the most common urological pathologies, the prevalence of which is growing every year. Scientists attribute this fact to changes in diet, water quality, lifestyle, climatic conditions, and global aging of the population. The medical and social and economic significance of the urolithiasis problem is that in the vast majority of cases this pathology is noted among people of working age and has a high tendency to relapse. In some cases, against the background of disease progression, disability occurs. At the heart of the pathogenesis of urolithiasis is a violation of metabolic processes, leading to the formation of calculi in the organs of the urinary system. The main clinical manifestations of urolithiasis include pain, pyuria, hematuria, obstructive anuria. The appearance of a pain symptom is explained by the stretching of the renal capsule with urine due to its inability to enter the bladder. The favorite localization of stones during urolithiasis is the right kidney due to the peculiarities of its anatomical location, in men this pathology is noted more often. Kidney stones can be found in any age group, but mainly affect people aged 25–50 years and almost always bring a lot of suffering. A general practitioner should have a general idea of the clinical picture of the manifestations of urolithiasis and the structure of stones, since recommendations on the observance of the diet and maintaining an appropriate lifestyle depend on this knowledge [1].