Role of EDTA in a simple method for determining toxicity using a bacterial indicator organism

Abstract

A method to determine toxicity using a bacterium as the indicator organism previously developed (Botsford 1998) perceives most divalent cations as being toxic. Mercury is perceived as the most toxic, followed by cadmium, zinc and copper. It was found that adding 2.5 μm EDTA to the reaction would relieve the toxicity of the 15 divalent cations tested. This effect does not appear to be simple chelation. One micromolar EDTA eliminated the toxicity of 1.6 μm calcium or 0.006 μm mercury. Thirty-six chemicals were tested for their toxicity in the presence and absence of 2.5 μm EDTA and 25 ppm calcium. Twenty-one were less toxic and two of these, p-aminobenzoic acid and tetrachloroethylene would no longer appear to be toxic according to the assay when these additions were present. Six chemicals had the same toxicity with and without the additions. Nine chemicals were more toxic when the EDTA and calcium were present. This experiment was repeated with six chemicals and ten times the EDTA concentration and ten times the calcium concentration. The toxicity with 10× was compared with the toxicity with 1× the additions. The toxicity of 4 of the six chemicals changed with the higher concentration of EDTA and calcium when the absorbancy values observed in samples with the lower levels were compared with samples with the higher levels. Obviously before EDTA can be added to mitigate the toxicity of divalent cations, it must be determined how much EDTA is required to eliminate the toxicity by the ions present in the sample. Alternatively, if the nature of the contaminating organic chemical is known, it can be determined what the effect of EDTA and the divalent cation present is on the apparent toxicity of the compound.