Abstract
The use of antimicrobial agents in the veterinary field affects the emergence, prevalence, and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from food-producing animals. To control the emergence, prevalence, and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance, it is necessary to implement appropriate actions based on scientific evidence. In Japan, the Japanese Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (JVARM) was established in 1999 to monitor the antimicrobial susceptibility of foodborne and commensal bacteria from food-producing animals. The JVARM showed that the emergence and prevalence of resistant Escherichia coli were likely linked to the therapeutic antimicrobial use in food-producing animals through not only direct selection of the corresponding resistance but also indirect selections via cross-resistance and coresistance. In addition, relevant factors such as host animals and bacterial properties might affect the occurrence and prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli under the selective pressure from antimicrobial usage. This paper reviews the trends in antimicrobial resistance in E. coli and consumption of antimicrobials agents in Japan and introduces the relationship between antimicrobial usage and prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, from food-producing animals under the JVARM program. In this paper, we will provide the underlying information about the significant factors that can help control antimicrobial resistance in bacteria in veterinary medicine.
Highlights
Antimicrobial agents are essential for the prevention, control, and treatment of bacterial infections in animals and are still used for growth promotion in animal husbandry in many countries [1, 2]
The effect on human health has been a concern since Swann et al reported that antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, arising from the use of veterinary antimicrobial agents, were transmitted to humans through livestock products and reduced the efficacy of antimicrobial drugs in humans [3]
The development of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria of animal origin reduces the efficacy of veterinary antimicrobial drugs [1, 4]
Summary
Antimicrobial agents are essential for the prevention, control, and treatment of bacterial infections in animals and are still used for growth promotion in animal husbandry in many countries [1, 2]. 2. Veterinary Use of Antimicrobial Agents and Antimicrobial Resistance in Commensal E. coli Isolated from Food-Producing Animals in Japan. Thiamphenicol and florfenicol, which belong to the same family as chloramphenicol, are administered to food-producing animals with different usage volumes among animal species (pigs > chickens > cattle) The use of these antimicrobials may be one factor causing the persistence of chloramphenicol resistance [16]. Bovine isolates exhibited generally lower levels of resistance to older antimicrobials than isolates from the other two species in most countries including Japan, with the exception of isolates from the Netherlands, where lower prevalence of resistance was observed in porcine isolates This may suggest that antimicrobial usage for cattle tends to be less common in most countries, there are variations in the degree of absolute usage volume among countries as described above. The use of the same class of antimicrobials, which can select
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