Role of Altitude in Formation of Diatom Diversity of High Mountain Protected Glacier Lakes in the Kaçkar Mountains National Park, Rize, Turkey

Abstract

The benthic diatom assemblages of the glacier Avusor Great Lake and Koçdüzü Great Lake were investigated in August 2019. A total of 71 diatom species belonging to 34 genera were determined in the samples, 49 species from Avusor Great Lake and 37 from Koçdüzü Great Lake. Only 15 diatom species were common to both lakes. Total floristic similarity between the neighbouring lakes was only 21.12%. Genera with the highest number of species were Eunotia (8), Gomphonema (6), Pinnularia (6), Navicula (5) and Aulacoseira (4). The diatom flora of both lakes was formed by cosmopolitan species with a large influence from species in alpine and subalpine area. A comparison of the diatom assemblages of the investigated lakes showed differences in both relative abundance and species present in the individual lakes. Bioindicative analysis showed that the water of Koçdüzü Great Lake is more alkaline and less saturated with organic substances than Avusor Great Lake. In both lakes, the communities are composed of species adapted to living in the benthos of fresh waters of moderate temperature well enriched with oxygen. In both lakes, the water quality was Class 2 with a saprobity index of S = 1.08 in Avusor Great Lake and 0.97 in Koçdüzü Great Lake, but their communities were composed of species with both oligotrophic and mesotrophic status. Statistical comparison of the species composition of studied lakes with other high mountain lakes and the lakes in northern Turkey revealed the role of altitude as the main factor in the formation of diatom floras.