RETRACTED: Robust design of off-grid solar-powered charging station for hydrogen and electric vehicles via robust optimization approach

Abstract

In this article, a robust optimization approach for designing an off-grid solar-powered charging station is proposed to provide electric vehicles (EVs) with electricity and hydrogen vehicles (HV) with hydrogen. A water electrolyzer (WE) is installed in the system to produce and store hydrogen, which is used by the HVs and fuel cell (FC). During the inaccessibility of the photovoltaic (PV) system to feed the EVs, the FC runs on hydrogen to regenerate electricity. Besides, in case the PV system and FC have power shortage to meet the demand of EVs, a diesel generator contributes to electricity production. There are uncertainties involved in the power profile of the PV system as well as the hydrogen and electric demands of the charging station. The novelty of this paper is to integrate robust optimization as a powerful nonstochastic framework into the mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) of the deterministic model to deal with the uncertainties. The technical and economic results prove that the construction of the charging station by considering the highs level of robustness against the negative impacts of uncertainties leads to higher capacities of the PV system and diesel generator. Consequently, the total annualized cost increases from $ 287,256 in deterministic mode to $ 326,757 in robust mode, by 13.75%.