RETRACTED: Risk-based design of hydrogen storage-based charging station for hydrogen and electric vehicles using downside risk constraint approach

Abstract

• Optimal design of off-grid hydrogen and electric vehicles charging station. • Uncertainties of solar irradiance, electricity and hydrogen loads are considered. • A scenario-based stochastic optimization model is proposed to model uncertainties. • Downside risk constraints method is proposed to manage risk related to uncertainties. • Risk-averse state of the model is presented and compared to the risk-neutral state. This paper proposes an off-grid photovoltaic powered charging station for electric and hydrogen vehicles. The charging station simultaneously feeds hydrogen and electric vehicles during all hours of the day. Therefore, fuel cell and hydrogen storages systems are designated to the station to meet the demand during the inaccessibility of the solar system. Furthermore, a diesel generator is allocated to the system in case the severe impacts of uncertainties included in the energy profile of the solar system and the loads lead to power shortage. Downside risk constraints are integrated into the scenario-based stochastic programming model to handle the risks involved as a novel framework. The advantage of this approach to others is providing a scenario independent risk analysis by offering one specific expected cost for all scenarios. The risk-neutral mode of the project is contrasted with the risk-averse state to depict the efficiency of the framework. The comparisons confirm that a 4.31% increase in annualized cost leads to a remarkable reduction of risk-in-cost by 50%. As a result, the nominal capacity of the diesel generator increased from 78 to 109 kW in the risk-averse state. However, the installed capacity of the photovoltaic system remained constant for all risk levels at 1688 kW.