Abstract
Orthoimages have proven to provide useful reference data for a variety of geospatial applications. Their improved versions, true orthoimages, are even more valuable as they have been adjusted also for high objects. Even though true orthoimages have been-over the last decades-generated mainly from aerial images, we believe there is a need to produce true orthoimages also from satellite images. The aim of this article is to present the already developed automatic procedure for generating true orthoimages from very high-resolution optical satellite images. The automatic workflow consists of five modules, starting with the extraction of ground control points, through the geometric processing of image blocks, occlusion detection, orthorectification, and finally the generation of true orthoimages. The orthorectification module uses a high-resolution digital surface model derived from laser scanning data. Occlusion detection is performed using a ray-tracing method based on the incidence angle, which is suitable for images acquired by satellites and processed with rational function models. The usability of the workflow was demonstrated with the test of six Pléiades images that were acquired on different dates and with different viewing angles. The research presents the accuracy of the geometric correction and the quality of the true orthoimage generated with different numbers of images. The results show that satellite-based true orthoimages are suitable for the extraction of spatial information that can be used directly by the end-users.
Highlights
T HE PRODUCTION of orthoimages has a long tradition
The developed processing workflow is designed to work with very high-resolution (VHR) satellite images representing the same area
We used a dataset of six panchromatic Pléiades images acquired in 2013 and 2014 (Note: Four images were acquired during the same pass, whereas two images were acquired individually) with different off-nadir viewing angles
Summary
T HE PRODUCTION of orthoimages has a long tradition. The need for images in an orthogonal projection within a designated coordinate system emerged simultaneously with the ability of imaging cameras to acquire images in higher spatial resolutions. Satellite orthoimages have been generated from 1970s onward, orthoimages have been used in aerial photography already prior to this. Orthoimages currently present a critical component of the national. Manuscript received September 29, 2020; revised December 10, 2020, January 26, 2021, and February 25, 2021; accepted March 16, 2021. Date of publication March 19, 2021; date of current version April 14, 2021.
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