Abstract
A bioprinting technique for large‐scale, custom‐printed immobilization of microalgae is developed for potential applications within architecture and the built environment. Alginate‐based hydrogels with various rheology modifying polymers and varying water percentages are characterized to establish a window of operation suitable for layer‐by‐layer deposition on a large scale. Hydrogels formulated with methylcellulose and carrageenan, with water percentages ranging from 80% to 92.5%, demonstrate a dominant viscoelastic solid–like property with G′ > G″ and a low phase angle, making them the most suitable for extrusion‐based printing. A custom multimaterial pneumatic extrusion system is developed to be attached on the end effector of an industrial multiaxis robot arm, allowing precision‐based numerically controlled layered deposition of the viscous hydrogel. The relationship between the various printing parameters, namely air pressure, material viscosity, viscoelasticity, feed rate, printing distance, nozzle diameter, and the speed of printing, are characterized to achieve the desired resolution of the component. Printed prototypes are postcured in CaCl2 via crosslinking. Biocompatibility tests show that cells can survive for 21 days after printing the constructs. To demonstrate the methodology for scale‐up, a 1000 × 500 mm fibrous hydrogel panel is additively deposited with 3 different hydrogels with varying water percentages.
Highlights
A bioprinting technique for large-scale, custom-printed immobilization of regeneration 3D prints high resolution biocompatible scaffolds of a few hundred microalgae is developed for potential applications within architecture and micrometers for cell cultures with the the built environment
The hydrogel should remain within a low phase angle, i.e., ratio between G′ and G′′, significant of the hydrogel samples’ solid-like property at low frequency but acquires a more liquid-like property under high frequency, or high pressure
This paper demonstrates the possibility of Additive manufacturing (AM) large-scale algae-laden hydrogel membranes via a multimaterial pneumatic extrusion system connected to the end effector of a robot arm
Summary
A bioprinting technique for large-scale, custom-printed immobilization of regeneration 3D prints high resolution biocompatible scaffolds of a few hundred microalgae is developed for potential applications within architecture and micrometers for cell cultures with the the built environment. Alginate-based hydrogels with various rheology modifying polymers and varying water percentages are characterized to establish a window of operation suitable for layer-by-layer deposition on a large scale. Hydrogels formulated with methylcellulose and carrageenan, aim of replacing or reconstructing tissue within the human body.[1,2] Whereas on the macroscale, 3D printing is widely utilized for general prototyping, and is beginning to be used to achieve perforwith water percentages ranging from 80% to 92.5%, demonstrate a mance-specific and cost-effective building dominant viscoelastic solid–like property with G′ > G′′ and a low phase angle, making them the most suitable for extrusion-based printing. Potentially increase vegetation and green cover onto building envelopes and rooftops These biohybrid structures may improve the environmental air quality by lowering atmospheric CO2 through photosynthesis, performing energy generation via technolo-. Previous attempts at biohybrid structures included photoacross a wide range of fields for applications ranging from bioreactors that were applied onto the building envelope
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