Abstract
Sustainable growth can be achieved by recycling waste material into useful resources without affecting the natural ecosystem. Among all nanomaterials, carbon nanomaterials from biowaste are used for various applications. The pyrolysis process is one of the eco-friendly ways for synthesizing such carbon nanomaterials. Recently, polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) filled with biowaste-based carbon nanomaterials attracted a lot of attention due to their enhanced mechanical properties. A variety of polymers, such as thermoplastics, thermosetting polymers, elastomers, and their blends, can be used in the formation of composite materials. This review summarizes the synthesis of carbon nanomaterials, polymer nanocomposites, and mechanical properties of PNCs. The review also focuses on various biowaste-based precursors, their nanoproperties, and turning them into proper composites. PNCs show improved mechanical properties by varying the loading percentages of carbon nanomaterials, which are vital for many defence- and aerospace-related industries. Different synthesis processes are used to achieve enhanced ultimate tensile strength and modulus. The present review summarizes the last 5 years’ work in detail on these PNCs and their applications.
Highlights
The composites prepared in an appropriate way by reinforcing fillers, such as Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) ash, biochar, and carbon black derived from waste SCB, improves the mechanical properties [120]
Sustainable growth of the world can be achieved by recycling waste material into useful resources without affecting the natural ecosystem
The biowaste generated in millions of tonnes must be reutilized in the conversion process of waste to wealth
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Fillers play a significant role in the formation of PNCs, as they provide excellent mechanical, electrical, and optical properties. The microsized fillers, such as glass fibre, talc, calcium carbonate, charcoal powder, and ash powder, are extensively used to enhance the strength of host materials. The synthesis of nanocarbons from biomass involves extraction of carbon from natural and inexpensive bioresources, such as lignin, glucose, and cellulose-based materials Various biowaste materials, such as coffee grounds [8], areca nut [9], onion peel [10], garlic peel [11], banana peel [12], walnut shell [13], wheat husk [14], corn cob [15], and fish scale [16] are used as precursors for the generation of carbon nanomaterials (CNMs). Polymer composites reinforced with CNMs derived from different biowaste materials from recent research activities are critically reviewed. Mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, modulus, and fractural behaviour of PNCs are summarized
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