Roadblocks to Peace in Russia’s War in Ukraine

The paper presents a comprehensive study of the impact of the war in Ukraine on security in the European Union. The authors analyze the political and economic consequences of the war in Ukraine in the financial and geopolitical dimensions. The types, measures and sources of international financial assistance to Ukraine are specified. It is stated that the peaceful settlement of the war in Ukraine should be based not only on an agreement that would state the agreements on territorial and political consensus. The author proposes to develop a comprehensive draft of the “International Program of Assistance to Ukraine by the International Community” with the aim of restoring the economy in the post-war period, and to include it as a separate clause of the future peace agreement. The peculiarities of the impact of the war in Ukraine on the countries of Eastern Europe are identified. It is summarized that the war in Ukraine has led to global consequences, such as: international tension, which increases the risks of escalation of the conflict in the European region and in other hot spots of the world, including nuclear danger; incapacitation of international institutions, such as the UN or the ICC, as wars undermine international law in general; destabilization of regions, which allows terrorist groups to spread and seize power, creating migration crises and social tensions; cybersecurity, including cyber attacks on critical infrastructure and government registries; economic and financial crises, which cause inflation and recession around the world. Emphasis on international cooperation in the defense sector, including joint production of certain types of weapons, modernization of Ukraine's military-industrial complex, production of unmanned ground, air and sea devices, and strengthening of air defense is placed.

This article focuses on the analysis of global challenges in the context of international relations, particularly in the areas of peace and security, considering current geopolitical and socio-economic transformations. The authors explore the impact of global challenges on the functioning of international security, with a special emphasis on the evolving priorities of international organizations in responding to emerging threats faced by the international community. The role of international organizations, such as the United Nations, the European Union, NATO, and non-governmental organizations, in shaping strategies for peacebuilding, preventive diplomacy, and humanitarian aid in the face of armed conflicts is critically examined. The article also provides a detailed analysis of the ongoing war in Ukraine and its implications for international relations and security mechanisms at both global and regional levels. Attention is drawn to the importance of effective international cooperation in supporting state sovereignty, protecting human rights, and ensuring peaceful conflict resolution. Amid the war in Ukraine, international organizations play a crucial role in providing humanitarian assistance, monitoring compliance with international law, and facilitating reconciliation processes. The article explores the potential for developing new models of international cooperation that address the needs of countries embroiled in armed conflicts, highlighting the importance of international solidarity in ensuring global stability and security. Furthermore, the study emphasizes that responding effectively to global challenges requires international organizations to adapt swiftly to new circumstances, develop innovative forms of collaboration, and improve mechanisms for addressing emerging threats in global politics. The assessment of the role of international organizations in the contemporary world enables a more precise understanding of their place and function in shaping a new system of international relations, where the interaction between states and international institutions becomes a key condition for maintaining peace and security. In light of the ongoing geopolitical crises, including the war in Ukraine, the article advocates for a reevaluation of the international security architecture, proposing concrete measures for enhancing global peacekeeping efforts. It stresses the need for further strengthening multilateral frameworks and improving the coordination of actions to tackle shared global security concerns such as terrorism, climate change, and the proliferation of weapons.

The application of the concept of asymmetry in the domain of security enables a comprehensive overview of the strategic relations between the opposing parties, as well as the methods used by the adversaries in an effort to turn this type of inequality into a permanent strategic advantage. As a process, asymmetry can most often be reduced to the creation or exploitation of power inequality between adversaries, with the ultimate goal of generating strategic or political asymmetry. By skilfully exploiting the political and security asymmetry that arose after the NATO aggression in 1999, Pristina and its allies constantly constantly built statehood of the so-called "Republic of Kosovo". At the same time, they undertook various political, security and economic activities in order to reduce the effectiveness of the instruments of power of the Republic of Serbia in Kosovo and Metohija and neutralize Serbia's influence in the southern Serbian province. In addition to building institutions and developing various instruments of power, the Albanian political elite in Kosovo and Metohija worked intensively on building internal and external legitimacy. The key results of such activities of Pristina certainly represent: the extortion of the international community foreign policy attitude on the irreversibility of Kosovo's independence, the support of the USA, the EU and NATO members to the self-proclaimed independence, the relocation of Belgrade-Pristina negotiations outside the UN and the mediation of the European Union, the pressure of its international allies on Belgrade to "normalize" relations and stop the "de-recognition" campaign, in order to maintain the foreign policy asymmetry in international relations. In the domain of internal politics, Prishtina constantly exploits Serbia's key weakness, which is its inability to ensure security and normal living conditions for the local Serbian population in Kosovo and Metohija. A large part of the concessions that the Albanian side received, through a series of agreements with Belgrade, were achieved with combination of US and EU pressure on Serbia and internal political, security and socio-economic pressure on the Serbian population in the southern Serbian province. The above-mentioned activities of Pristina were especially intensified after the beginning of the war in Ukraine. Increasingly frequent instrumentalization of violence and demonstration of force and the undertaking of unilateral and provocative moves are evident. The authorities in Pristina are obviously counting on the preoccupation of the USA, the EU and NATO with the war in Ukraine. Albanian political elite from Kosovo and Metohija are actively exploiting US and EU efforts to prevent the aforementioned conflict from spilling over into the Balkan region. The analysis of Prishtina's actions so far, shows the implementation of the their's attrition strategy towards the USA, the European Union and Belgrade. At the same time they are gradually strengthening the institutions of the new Albanian state and establishing the new political order in the entire territory of the Kosovo and Metohija, with intention to strengthen the internal and build external legitimacy of the so-called "Republic of Kosovo". In this long-term process, violence is skilfully used to exploit the weaknesses of the policies of the European Union and the USA in the region and to reduce and neutralize the influence of the Republic of Serbia in Kosovo and Metohija. The strategy of the so-called "Republic of Kosovo" is not basically different from the rebel strategies of other non-state actors. The longterm goal of Pristina's strategy is to gradually build its own legitimacy and state institutions, while at the same time reducing the legitimacy and destroying political order of its opponents. In the last phase of this strategy, from the second half of 2023, the so-called "Kosovo Government", following Western counterinsurgency models, openly engaged on the complete dismantling of the "parallel" political system in the north of Kosovo and Metohija, using various instruments of political, security and economic coercion. Considering the weak reaction of the USA and the European Union, even more robust and energetic action by the government of the so-called "Republic of Kosovo" can be expected in order to completely remove any presence and influence of Serbia in the north of Kosovo. On the other hand, in the short term, Prishtina strives to make the concessions to the Serbian side as small and symbolic as possible. The formation of the Community/Association of Serbian Municipalities in Kosovo and Metohija with symbolic powers and responsibilities for them is a condition for the de-facto recognition of the so-called "Republic of Kosovo". In the long term, the constant and irreversible outflow of the Serbian population from Kosovo and Metohija, indicates that the actions of the so-called "Republic of Kosovo" on the ground are gradual assimilation, constant segregation and narrowing of the socio-economic and cultural space for Serbs, so that they would "voluntarily" leave Kosovo and Metohija and thus solve the Serbian problem according to the "Croatian model".

Preview: /Scott Shapiro interviewed by Eli Kramer / EK: Thanks for talking with me today. Your book, The Internationalists: How a Radical Plan to Outlaw War Remade the World is not only kind of groundbreaking in the way it changes how we think about the role of international law in the history and philosophy of culture, and some of our progressive success of not having disastrous violence shape us each generation, but it has only become more relevant since the war in Ukraine was launched. As a starting point for our conversation, can you summarize the main premise of the work? SS: It’s a story about the modern international order. Despite its imperfections, it needs to be defended now more than ever. The central argument of the book is that the origins of the modern international order can be traced to a specific date in history. Namely August 27th, 1928, when the great leaders of the world gathered in Paris to outlaw war. The treaty that was signed on that day is sometimes called the Kellogg-Briand Pact, the Peace Pact, or the Paris Peace Pact. Its actual formal designation was “The General Treaty for the Renunciation of War,” basically saying it all was an attempt to outlaw war. Now, of course most people have never heard of it. It’s amazing that basically all the countries in the world decide to outlaw war, which in itself is initially a strange thing to do, but then nobody knows about it.

The ongoing war in Ukraine has evident devastating consequences. It is an urgent reminder of the relevance of UN Security Council Resolution 1325 on women, peace, and security, which calls for the meaningful inclusion of women in all areas of peacebuilding and conflict prevention. This paper highlights the involvement of Ukrainian women in the war, emphasizing their roles across politics, defense, and humanitarian response. The authors examine some critical issues to stimulate and support women’s active position in peace-building and conflict resolution in the Ukrainian context.

Social relations at different times have been filled with misunderstandings and contradictions. Since the emergence of society, its development, and especially, in times of socio-political, economic and cultural transformational changes, conflicts have been inevitable. Clashes and wars caused by ideological, ethnic, territorial, resource and other contradictions have arisen throughout the historical development of mankind. The consequences of various kinds of conflicts make us think about ways to resolve them, prevent them, predict them in order to prevent and make them impossible, as well as mitigate their con-sequences. For a long time, the search for methods and technologies for managing conflicts at the level of the organization, society, and interpersonal relationships has remained relevant in the world. No less rel-evant is the formation of conflict competence for managers of different levels and individual individuals, regardless of the field of professional activity. The problem of predicting, identifying and resolving conflicts has become particularly relevant in the conditions of martial law and during the full-scale war in Ukraine. The war has increased the range of social problems that are prerequisites for the emergence of conflicts. Conflict management involves understanding its essence, the need for it as a tool for change, knowledge of methods of regulation, fore-casting, prevention, etc. The relevance of the work lies in the need to develop and consolidate regulatory, legal and organi-zational management mechanisms for the implementation of technologies for non-conflict interpersonal interaction in various spheres of social practice; carrying out activities aimed at studying conflict-gener-ating, destabilizing factors in various spheres of social activity; developing behavioral strategies (algo-rithms) for participants in social conflict; preventing conflict situations and disseminating positive expe-rience in preventing social conflicts in various spheres of life. Conflict is a positive moment in social de-velopment when it contributes to social progress and is a driver of modernization and improvement of the social system. Given the diversity of social challenges and contradictions, social problems born of war, an im-portant skill of a social manager should be the ability to manage, regulate, and resolve conflicts. The multifunctionality of social managers in providing services involves mastering conflict management as a new competence, the necessity of which is prescribed in clause 6 of the Higher Education Standard for specialty 232 "Social Welfare" for the second (master's) level of higher education: "The ability to establish social interaction, cooperation, prevent and resolve conflicts." The paper examines the essence and place of conflict in the system of social contradictions, its types and functions. The demand for conflict management as a new competence of future social managers in war conditions is updated. Conflictological competence is considered as a component of socio-psycholog-ical and communicative competence, as well as a separate type of professional competence. It is proven that conflict competence is a characteristic of a specialist's awareness of conflict, his ability to identify conflict, predict, prevent and resolve it regardless of the ways of their formation. Conflict competence consists in the knowledge of psychological difficulties, as well as in the ability to overcome them, to con-structively and successfully resolve conflict situations. Realizing the inevitability of conflicts, the im-portance of finding new innovative ways to resolve them is emphasized. Special attention is paid to such tools and technologies of conflict management as mediation, online mediation. Among the digital commu-nication technologies that are used in the world and are actively implemented in domestic social protection institutions, the technologies of online dialogue, online mediation, online dispute resolution, a system of joint work and exchange of electronic documents are given. The purpose of the article is to study the mechanisms of formation of conflict management compe-tence in social managers, as the ability to establish social interaction, cooperation, prevent and resolve conflicts. Domestic and foreign historiography has highlighted the problem of conflict in a number of scien-tific works. The opinions of many authors are focused mainly on the destructive factors of conflict, their classification and methods of resolution. The works of scientists who see in conflict a positive (construc-tive) function that helps to carry out diagnostics of society (relationships), consolidate people with com-mon interests, renew social relations by establishing new norms and values, relieve psychological tension or reduce its intensity deserve attention. Modern thorough scientific and practical achievements in various branches of conflictology, in-cluding social conflictology by O. Bandurka, I. Bekeshkina, L. Gerasina, M. Getmanchuk, T. Yakhno and other scientists should be continued and improved taking into account the constantly changing world, new conflicts and threats, including the war in Ukraine. Despite the existing research on this topic, there is a lack of works that would combine all aspects of the proposed topic, including the specifics of training social workers - future managers of social conflict resolution.

This paper studies the online communication strategies of world leaders during the war in Ukraine from February 24, 2022, to January 23, 2023. To analyze the collected data, various qualitative and quantitative methods such as content and sentiment analysis were used. The findings indicate that the majority of world leaders communicate via Twitter, and their tweets are mainly positive in tone. The most active communication strategies involve using hashtags related to the issues of the war, retweeting messages from other leaders, and issuing statements about the conflict. The results suggest that the participating leaders position themselves as the voice of the nation and emphasize the importance of international solidarity in achieving peace. Furthermore, the study reveals that the leaders are highly engaged in bidirectional communication, with the majority of messages focused on people's safety and the need for a diplomatic solution. The findings of this study could help policymakers understand how online communication plays a role in international conflict resolution as well as how world leaders can effectively use online communication to engage with their public.

Why peace negotiations haven’t gained any traction in the Ukraine war – and how the stalemate could be broken

"The struggle for control of the Bosporus and the Dardanelles, strategic access points on the only waterway between the Black Sea and the oceans of the world, has a long history. It has become even topical in the modern age, as an effect of the increase in economic power and the expansionist tendencies of some states, bearing the imprint of the flourishing or decline of some empires whose fate depended on the strategic situation at the junction of Europe and Asia. However, 86 years ago, in a conciliatory setting, a diplomatic instrument was signed in Montreux, emblematic in the evolution of international law, based on a real spirit of harmonization of political, economic and military interests, which authorized the transit of ships and aircraft through the area of the Bosporus and the Dardanelles straits. Still in force today, the Montreux Convention signed on 20 July 1936, which put Ankara in possession of the keys to the straits, is one of the long-lasting international agreements, limiting the number and tonnage of vessels and, in the case of warships, the duration of their presence in the area, a fact that, in the almost nine decades, has produced effects on the interests of some states, be they Black Sea littoral states or not. The current war in Ukraine, launched on 24 February 2022, brings back in the diplomatic debates the document whose articles relating to the conflict situation have not been invoked since the end of the Second World War, although, over time, interested parties have strongly advocated for the revision of the Montreux Convention."

"The struggle for control of the Bosporus and the Dardanelles, strategic access points on the only waterway between the Black Sea and the oceans of the world, has a long history. It has become even topical in the modern age, as an effect of the increase in economic power and the expansionist tendencies of some states, bearing the imprint of the flourishing or decline of some empires whose fate depended on the strategic situation at the junction of Europe and Asia. However, 86 years ago, in a conciliatory setting, a diplomatic instrument was signed in Montreux, emblematic in the evolution of international law, based on a real spirit of harmonization of political, economic and military interests, which authorized the transit of ships and aircraft through the area of the Bosporus and the Dardanelles straits. Still in force today, the Montreux Convention signed on 20 July 1936, which put Ankara in possession of the keys to the straits, is one of the long-lasting international agreements, limiting the number and tonnage of vessels and, in the case of warships, the duration of their presence in the area, a fact that, in the almost nine decades, has produced effects on the interests of some states, be they Black Sea littoral states or not. The current war in Ukraine, launched on 24 February 2022, brings back in the diplomatic debates the document whose articles relating to the conflict situation have not been invoked since the end of the Second World War, although, over time, interested parties have strongly advocated for the revision of the Montreux Convention."

The role of the United Nations in conflict resolution of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has been very limited, causing many people, both in Ukraine and beyond, to ask ‘where is the UN?’ It is no secret that the UN has not shown a broad willingness to prevent conflicts around the world. Practice has shown that the UN is more involved in post-conflict situations. UN achievements over the Ukraine war were tactical in nature, focusing on humanitarian aid and on the Black Sea Grain Initiative. Without drawing lessons from conflicts around the world in order to act quickly and efficiently, the conflict in Ukraine can last for years, but conflicts of a similar nature can also develop without the UN having a developed system for preventing them. The conflict in Ukraine is complex in itself because the initiator of that conflict is Russia, a member of the Security Council. This is exactly the kind of situation that requires greater commitment from the UN Secretary General, who would have to be a generator of various peace initiatives and conferences aimed at protecting sovereignty and stopping aggression.

Background: Law is a key regulator of social relations. Its systemic nature is fundamental for proper, clear and comprehensive regulation of legal relations. As an integral system, law has its own logic, structure, order and purpose. This purpose is to properly regulate social relations, ensure law and order, and qualitatively and consistently satisfy the rights, obligations and interests of participants in legal relations. However, legal regulation is not without its flaws. One major issue of legal regulation is gaps in the law, where certain social relations lack proper legal regulation due to a lack of specific legislative or legal approaches. Other flaws include conflicts between laws, legislative gaps, qualified silence of the legislator, "darkness" of legal norms, and a "seeming" need for legal regulation and other legal phenomena similar in nature. This article addresses how judges resolve conflicts of law in the course of judicial proceedings, namely the construction of a mechanism to resolve conflicts within national legislation to ensure the right to a fair trial. This issue is of particular importance in the context of the war in Ukraine because, unlike in the relatively stable judicial practice of resolving disputes that arise in a society where there is no war, today, the courts now face unprecedented cases, such as those involving military medical commissions decisions, financial support of military personnel, and new wartime criminal prosecution. Additionally, judges must navigate the procedural norms for the administration of justice in wartime, which are changing rapidly. The study identifies specific cases of conflict in law, particularly in issues related to mobilisation. It highlights how inconsistencies in current legislation and the lack of uniform approaches to overcoming them often prevent citizens from exercising their rights. This situation directly contradicts the Sustainable Development Goals in terms of building peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, ensuring access to justice for all, and building effective, accountable, and inclusive institutions at all levels. The authors of the article highlight the growing importance of legal principles in resolving conflicts within the law. Foundational concepts like the rule of law, legal certainty, and legality are recognised grounds for judicial decision-making. Accordingly, this allows courts to interpret conflicts in specific areas of legislation – such as tax legislation in favour of the taxpayer, child rights in favour of children, and labour law in favour of employees. Consequently, similar claims may be resolved differently depending on their subject matter. To support this analysis, the authors analysed 150 decisions of Ukrainian judges, studied the concept of conflicts, formulated a refined definition, assessed the role of judicial law-making in resolving legal conflicts, and developed a mechanism for addressing conflicts in law by judges. Methods: The authors employed a general dialectical analysis approach grounded in the doctrine of society and thinking, along with the historical method, to analyse the development of legal norms and institutions in different historical periods. This approach provides insights into their origins, evolution and impact on the modern legal system. Methods of analysis and synthesis of information were also utilised. To support the authors’ conclusions, relevant empirical information, including court decisions from the Unified State Register of Court Decisions, were referenced. A total of 150 court decisions containing collisions from 2015 to 2024 were analysed, 22 of which were cited in this article. Results and Conclusions: Conflicts in law are defined as subjectively caused phenomena involving the confrontation of several norms or their totality, resulting in the inability to apply legal norms effectively, clearly, and consistently to regulate social relations. A definition of conflicts in law from a judicial perspective is also proposed: they are contradictions within legal regulation, a negative legal phenomenon that a judge, with the authority vested in them, must resolve in a manner that upholds fundamental principles of law during the administration of justice.

The article analyzes the most important aspects of system of intellectual property in Ukraine in the conditions of post-war recovery and in the new economic conditions currently emerging in the world. In particular, a new promising approach is proposed - the right to intellectual property of the state of Ukraine. Because in the new economic, this approach would be the most effective for the protection of exclusive intellectual property rights. Since the new challenges, which facing our country have led to the search for different approaches to solving problems, the provision of exclusive property rights to intellectual property to the state of Ukraine is seen as one of the solutions. The main problems of the acquisition of intellectual property rights by the state of Ukraine have been determined. The causes of their occurrence have been identified, and the positive consequences of these transformations have been indicated. Prospective directions and principles of improving the legal protection of intellectual property objects in Ukraine in the conditions of the country’s post-war recovery are proposed. The war in Ukraine has been going on for almost three years now, and it is important to remember that any military conflict in the world usually ends with a peace treaty. And here the question arises: how to restore the destroyed country in such a way as to take into account the mistakes and at the same time take into account all the advanced developments. This article talk about the segment of intellectual property law, as an area that is extremely important for the further economic development of the country, namely the right to intellectual property of the State of Ukraine. This segment is currently not sufficiently developed, a scientific discussion of this problem is proposed with the aim of introducing further changes in the legislation of Ukraine. Accordingly, new realities of today, according to be more concerned not with protecting the private rights of inventors, but with winning the war. Only a joint effort of ingenuity and creativity, such as work on a defense order, will bring appropriate results. Developments in the direction of state property in the intellectual sphere are currently being conducted in various countries of the world. This is a new and fairly promising industry that will start a new page of economic relations.

The paper presents the results of a study of the impact of large-scale historical events on significant changes in the legal field. Today, an event of such a scale is the war waged by the Russian Federation against Ukraine, which, after the undoubted defeat of the Russian Federation in many spheres, will have significant consequences, including in the legal sphere. The war in Ukraine has all the signs of an event of aglobal scale. Socio-political events in the turning points of history are at the same timethe source of development in the legal sphere. This trend can be observed at almost all historical stages, and therefore research in this direction is an urgent problem. The purpose of the paper is to study the impact of significant events in certain turning points in Modern and Recent history that took place on the European continent, which were the origin of changes in the legal sphere and had a long-term eff ect. Sinceit is currently impossible to predict exactly what changes will occur after the defeat of the Russian Federation, which legal institutions and in what direction they will apply, what consequences such changes will lead to in interstate relations and within the country, the above consideration is limited only to some historical events, which can be considered as an example of the origins of significant changes in the legal sphere of a doctrinal nature. The socio-political events in Europe in the XVII centuries, the results of the Thirty Years' War and the significance of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 in terms of influencing the development of legal doctrine of New history is analyzed. Thirty Years 'War in Europe in the XVII century ended with the signing in 1648 at the same time in Münster and Osnabrück peace treaty, which was called the Peace of Westphalia in1648. It is emphasized that the Peace of Westphalia contains a number of provisions of a doctrinal nature. This treaty was the source of modern international law and had along-term impact on the development of relations between states. Large-scale historical events of the late 18th - early 19th centuries in Europe are undoubtedly associated with France. This is the Great French Revolution of 1789-1794, this is also the period of the Napoleonic Wars, finally, this includes the Vienna Congress of 1814-1815, at which, after the defeat of Napoleonic France, the winners under the slogan of returning to the continent of peace and tranquility and the desire to restore monarchies redrawn the continental political map of Europe. The lawmaking activity of Napoleon is noted, on whose initiative and under his leadership alarge volume of codification works was carried out. Civil (1804), Commercial (1807), Criminal Procedure (1808) and Criminal (1810) codes were adopted. It is noted that French civil law and the principles implemented by it significantly influenced civil-lawrelations in Europe. In modern history during the 20th century events took place, the result of which were changes aimed at preventing the horrors of the First and Second World Wars in the future. But the creation of the relevant institutions, organizations, legal framework and other factors was not enough to prevent the threat of a new world conflict, to guarantee danger not only for Ukraine, but also for the whole world. In the light of the events in Ukraine, based on historical analogies, a conclusion is made about the expectation of significant changes in the legal sphere for future security in the world and in our country. Key words: Aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, origins of law,historical analogies, Peace of Westphalia, French Civil Code.

Abstract: Those promising a negotiated end to the war in Ukraine operate under the mistaken assumption that there exists some combination of territorial and policy compromises that would satisfy all sides and bring about a stable long-term peace. In fact, the conflict is more intractable than ever: Bargaining models of war termination predict that peace negotiations are likely to fail. Win, lose, or draw, the war will be settled on the battlefield, not at the negotiating table. The stakes couldn't be higher: Whether the West continues its support for Ukraine's fight or forces Kyiv to make a deal with the devil, the consequences for international security and global democracy will reverberate for years to come.